BIOS 1140 Exam 2 SCC Anatomy

cerebrum

controls higher mental functions, divided in to left and right cerebral hemispheres

cerebellum

coordinates repetitive body movements and skeletal activity

where is the insula located?

deep to lateral sulcus

what is the function of the frontal lobe?

- voluntary muscle action
- concentration
- verbal communication
- decision making
- personality

what is the function of the temporal lobe?

- hearing
- smelling

what is the function of the occipital lobe?

- vision
- visual memories

what is the function of the parietal lobe?

- interpretation of touch
- pressure
- pain
- and temperature

what is the function of the insula?

- taste
- memory

what does the central sulcus do?

separates posterior frontal lobe from anterior parietal lobe (splits the brain in half the hamburger way until lateral sulcus)

what does the lateral sulcus do?

separates frontal lobe from temporal lobe

corpus callosum

bundle of nerves that connects the LEFT and RIGHT hemispheres

what are the components of the limbic system?

-cingulate gyrus
-hippocampus
-parahippocampal gyrus
-fornix
-amygdaloid

what is the function of the limbic system?

long term memory

where is the diencephalon located?

inferior to the cerebrum

what does the diencephalon link the cerebrum with?

the brain stem

what are the three divisions of the diencephalon?

- left thalamus
- right thalamus
- hypothalamus

where is the thalamus located?

inferior to the fornix, circular area

what happens in the thalamus?

all sensory information arrives and is stores here

where does sensory information arrive and get stored?

the thalamus

where is the hypothalamus located?

anterior from the inferior edge of the thalamus

what are the six functions of the hypothalamus?

- controls the autonomic nerves
- regulates body temperature
- coordinates activities of endocrine system
- controls emotions
- produces emotions and behavioral drives (feeding and thirst center)
- controls circadian rhythms

what is the pituitary gland connected to?

the hypothalamus via the infundibulum (stalk)

what does the pituitary gland do?

interfaces nervous and endocrine systems, is the major endocrine gland

the brain stem processes information between...

the spinal cord and cerebrum or cerebellum

what components make up the brain stem?

- midbrain
- pons
- medulla oblongata

what is the function of the midbrain?

- maintains involuntary muscle tone
- maintains consciousness

what is the pons made of?

nerve tissue

the pons connects what two structures?

the cerebellum to brain stem

what is the function of the pons?

regulates rate and depth of breathing

what does the medulla oblongata do?

- regulates rhythmic breathing
- regulates BP
- involuntary coughing
- sneezing
- vomiting

where is the corpora quadrigemina located?

the posterior edge of the midbrain

what does the superior colliculus allow us to do?

turn our head towards a visual stimulus

what does the inferior colliculus allow us to do?

turn our head towards an auditory stimulus

where is the pineal gland located?

superior to the corpora quadrigemina

what does the pineal gland do?

secrete melatonin which regulates the circadian rhythms

where is the mammillary body located?

the posterior edge of the hypothalamus

what does the mammillary body do?

- involved in the feeding reflexes of licking
- swallowing
- and chewing.

each cerebral hemisphere contains one...

large lateral ventricle

lateral ventricles are separated by...

a thin medial partition called the septum pellucidum

where is the third ventricle located?

a cavity within the thalamus

lateral ventricles communicate with the..

third ventricle

where is the fourth ventricle located?

between the pons area and the cerebellum

the fourth ventricle becomes continuous with...

the central canal of the spinal cord

the fourth ventricle connects with the...

third ventricle

what makes cerebrospinal fluid?

the choroid plexus

what are the 5 embyonic divisions of the brain?

1. telencephalon
2. diencephalon
3. mesencephalon
4. metencephalon
5. myelencephalon

the cerebral nuclei are embedded in the...

cerebrum

what do the cerebral nuclei do?

direct subconscious activities

what make up the cerebral nuclei?

1. caudate nucleus
2. putamen
3. globus pallidus
4. amygdaloid body

what is the substantia nigra?

mass of NERVES at the superior edge of the pons

what three things are responsible for the physical protection of the brain?

- the bones of the cranium
- cranial meninges
- cerebrospinal fluid

what are the three layers of the cranial meninges?

1. dura mater
2. arachnoid mater
3. pia mater

what is the most superficial layer of the cranial meninges?

the dura mater

what cranial meninges covers the brain?

arachnoid mater

what cranial meninges is attached to the brain surface by astrocytes?

pia mater

what surrounds all exposed surfaces of the CNS?

cerebrospinal fluid

what are the three functions of cerebrospinal fluid?

- cushions delicate neural structures
- supports the brain
- transports nutrients, chemical messengers, and waste products

the most anterior cranial nerve is...

CN1

cranial nerves are a part of the...

PNS, peripheral nervous system

what are the cranial nerves in order?

I. Olfactory
II. Optic
III. Oculomotor
IV. Trochlear
V. Trigeminal
VI. Abducens
VII. Facial
VIII. Vestibulocochlear
IX. Glossopharyngeal
X. Vagus
XI. Accessory
XII. Hypoglossal

what does CN1 (olfactory) do?

- senses smell

what does CNII (optic) do?

- detects vision

what does CNIII (oculomotor) do?

- controls eye muscles for eye movement
- controls focusing of the lens
- pupil constriction

what does CNIV (trochlear) do?

- controls superior oblique muscle of the eye

what does CNV (trigeminal) do?

- detects head and face sensations
- controls chewing movements

what does CNVI (abducens) do?

- controls lateral rectus muscle of the eye

what does CNVII (facial) do?

- detects taste
- allows facial expressions

what does CNVIII (vestibulocochlear) do?

- senses balance
- senses sound

what does CNIX (glossopharyngeal) do?

- controls muscles for swallowing
- detects tongue sensations

what does CNX (vagus) do?

- detects thoracic and abdominal organ sensations
- controls thoracic and abdominal movements

what does CNXI (spinal accessory) do?

- controls trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles

what does CNXII (hypoglossal) do?

- controls tongue movement

cranial nerves can be... (/3)

1. sensory nerves
2. motor nerves
3. mixed nerves

sensory nerves (afferent nerves) can...

transmit impulses from the periphery to the CNS (TO BRAIN)

motor nerves (efferent nerves) can...

transmit impulses from the CNS to periphery (FROM BRAIN TO REAL LIFE)

mixed nerves can...

transmit impulses in BOTH directions

what are the SENSORY (afferent) nerves?

- olfactory
- optic
- vestibulocochlear

what are the MOTOR (efferent) cranial nerves?

- oculomotor
- trochlear
- abducens
- spinal accessory
- hypoglossal

what are the MIXED cranial nerves?

- trigeminal
- facial
- glossopharyngeal
- vagus

sensory (afferent) nerves pass through various...

foramina of the skull

what foramina does the olfactory nerve pass through?

olfactory foramina

what canals does the optic nerve pass through?

optic canals

what canal does the vestibulocochlear nerve pass through?

internal acoustic canal

what fissure does the oculomotor nerve pass through?

superior orbital fissure

what fissure does the trochlear nerve pass through?

superior orbital fissure

what fissure does the abducens nerve travel through?

superior orbital fissure

what foramen does the spinal accessory nerve pass through?

jugular foramen

what canal does the hypoglossal nerve pass through?

hypoglossal canal

what does the glossopharyngeal nerve pass through?

jugular foramen for BOTH sensory and motor

what does the vagus nerve pass through?

jugular foramen for BOTH sensory and motor

what does the facial nerve pass through?

internal acoustic canal and the stylomastoid foramen for BOTH sensory and motor

frontalis

muscles that covers the frons area

orbicularis oculi

muscle that encircles the orbit of the eye

nasalis

muscle that covers the bridge of the nose

orbicularis oris

muscle that encircles the mouth

mentalis

muscle that is in the center of the chin

depressor labii inferioris

muscle that is lateral to the mentalis

depressor anguli oris

muscle that is lateral to the depressor labii inferioris

zygomaticus minor

muscle that extends from the orbicularis oris to the zygomatic bone

zygomaticus major

muscle that extends from the corner of the mouth to the zygomaticus bone (it is inferior to the zygomaticus minor)