HUBS192 - lectures 34-38 - REPRO

What does coitus mean?

sexual intercourse

what are gonads? where are they located in the males and females?

organs where gametes are produced

testes and ovaries

which one is bigger, the pelvic inlet or pelvi outlet?

inlet

what are the 2 pelvic subdivisions? describe them

1. false/greater pelvis

   • superior region

   • above pelvic inlet

   • contains part of GI tract

2. true/lesser pelvis

   • inferior region

   • between inlet and outlet

   • contains repro organs

describe the structure of the female pelvis vs male

female = broad angle, oval shaped, straighter coccyx

male = narrow angle, heart shaped, curved coccyx

What are the 2 muscles found in the pelvic floor? what are the 3 openings in the pelvic floor?

• levator ani

• coccygeus

• urethra

• anal canal

• vagina

where is the male perineum? what does it include?

inferior to the pelvic floor and between upper region of the thighs

external gentalia and anus

what is in the urogenital triangle and anal triangle? which one is anterior and posterior?

anterior = urogenital = urethral openings, external genitalia

posterior = anal triangle = anal canal and fat

What is the function of the male reproductive system and what is it made up of?

function - to produce sperm and transport into female repro tract

made of - testes, repro tract, accessory glands

describe the path in order of which sperm travel

testes, epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatroy duct, urethra

What does the scrotum consist of and how many of each?

• x2 testes

• x2 epidiymides

• x2 spermatic cords

what is the role of sperm? where is it located? what is it surrounded by?

produce sperm, testosterone and inhibin

lies in the scrotum - outside the body

surrounded by dense fibrous capsule - tunica albuginea

testes have lobules containing what?

seminiferous tubules

seminiferous tubules join to form what?

rete testis

rete tesis join to form what?

efferent ductules leading to epididymis

What does leydig produce?

testosterone

what do nurse cells produce?

Inhibin

What do spermatogenic cells produce?

sperm and spermatogonia and various stages of development

what is the site of sperm maturation?

epididymis

In the epididymis where do sperm enter and leave?

enter = seminiferous tubules

leave = ductus deferens

where does the ductus deferens start? what type of muscle is it covered by? What does it dilate to form?

in the spermatic cord

smooth muscle

ampulla

what are the ejaculatory ducts formed by? where does it open?

duct from the seminal vesicle and the ampulla

opens in the prostatic urethra

what are the 2 functions of the male urethra? what are the 3 types of urethra it consists of?

urination and ejaculation

1. prostatic

2. membranous

3. penile/spongy

what type of muscle is the external urethral sphincter made of? what type of control is it?

skeletal muscle - voluntary control

what type of muscle is the internal urethral sphincter made of? what type of control is it?

detrusor muscle - involuntary

what is retorgrade ejaculation

sphincter doesnt close, sperm ends up in bladder

why are the testes away from the body?

to maintain temperature at 34 degrees

the scrotum is lined by what muscle?

dartos muscle

what does the cremaster muscle do?

contracts for heat conservation

How many spermatic cords are there? where do they run?

2

between abdomen and testes

what 4 things do spermatic cords contain?

1. blood vessels

2. nerves

3. lymphatics

4. ductus deferens

what is the function of the penis?

urination and copulation

The penis contaisn 3 cylindrical erectile tissues, what are they? describe them

two corpus cavernosum

• main erictile tissue

• dorsal aspect

one corpus spongiosum

• contains urethra

• forms bulbs and gland

• ventral aspect

sperm are carried to the female reporductive tract via what?

seminal fluid

seminal fluid is produced by 3 types of accessory glands? what are they?

1. seminal vesicles

2. prostate gland

3. bulbourethral gland

Where are the 2 seminal vesciles located?

• posterior to bladder

• lateral to ampulla

how much does viscous secretion make up semen?

60%

where are the prostate glands located? what does it wrap around?

inferior to bladder

wraps around prostatic urethra

what is the function of the prostate gland? what does the prostate gland contain? how much semen do these glands produce?

sperm activation, motlity, viability

prostate specific anitgen

30%

where are the 2 bulbourethral glands located? how much semen do these glands produce?

in the urogenital diaphragm

5%

what is a vasectomy?

surgical method of sterilisation in males

cuts the ductus deferens

what is gametogenesis? what is it called in females and males? how does it occur?

formation of gametes

males - spermatogenesis

females - oogenesis

via mitosis and meiosis

what happens in meiosis 1?

2 haploid cells produced 1 original diploid cell

what happens in meiosis 2

each cell produced in meiosis 1 divides to produce 2 haploid cells with 23 chromosomes

What is spermatogenesis?

formation of the male gamete

process of which spermatogonia are transformed into mature sperm

when does spermatogenesis occur? where does it occur?

occurs from puberty onwards

seminiferous tubules

What does the hormone gonadotropin act on?

the gonads

what is GnRH produced by?

hypothalamus

what is LH produced by?

anterior pituitary

what is FSH produced by?

anterior pituitary

LH stimulates production of what?

testosterone

FSH and testosterone control what?

spermatogenesis

FSH stimulates production of what?

Inhibin

what is a negative feedback loop?

inhibin supresses FSH

testosterone supresses LH and GnRH

what are the functions of the female reproductive system?

• produce oocytes

• transport sperm to site of fertilisation

• provide a site for embryo to gorw

• delivery of fetus

what does the female urogenital triangle consist of?

external genitalia and vulva

what does the female anal triangle consist of?

anus

describe the structure of the vulva

mons pubis - from of pubic symphysis

labia (2)

what are the 2 types of labia and describe them

1. major labia - larger and more lateral

2. minor labia - smaller and more medial

where are vestibular glands located and what is their function?

deep to the labia - lubricate vaginal orifice

what is the clitoris made up of?

• glans

• body

• crura x2

• bulb x2

does the urethra pass through the clitoris?

no

what is the most lateral portion of the uterine tube called? describe it

infundibulum - has finger like projections called fimbriae

what is the mid protion of the uterine tube called? describe it

ampulla

where fertilisation occurs

what is the most medial portion of the uterine tube called?

isthmus

what are the 3 layers of the uterus? in order of outer to inner and what are each of them made of

perimetrium - connective tissue

myometrium - smooth muscle

endometrium - columnar epithelium

the cervical canal provides a passage between?

uterine cavity and vagina

what does the cervix produce? and what is its function

produces cervical mucus

regulates sperm transport

what is the vagina?where is the vagina located? where does it extend from?

fibromuscular copulatory organ

between the urinary bladder and rectum

perineum to the cervix

what is the site of oogenesis and hormone production?

ovaries

what are the 4 ligaments of the female reporductive system?

• ovarian

• broad

• suspensory

• round

how does the peritoneum create ligaments?

folds and presses over structures

what are the 3 types of peritoneum?

mesometrium

mesosalpinx

mesovarium

what is the name for a continuous fold of broad ligament over anteriorly located bladder?

vesicouterine

what is the name for a continuous fold of broad ligament over posteriorly located rectum?

rectouterine pouch

what is the function of breasts? where is it located?

nourish infants

on pectoralis major muscle

what stimulates development of breast tissue?

estradiol and progesterone

describe the structure of breasts in order

lobes - lobules - alveoli - lactiferous ducts - lactiferous sinuses - pores

what is oogenesis? when is it initiated?

formation and development of the oocyte from oogonia

before birth and continues up until menopause

where do oocytes develop? these are layered wiht what 2 cells?

within ovarian follicles

granulosa cells and theca cells

what do granulosa cells produce?

estradiol

what is released during ovulation? where is it released into?

oocyte and corona radiata

peritoneal cavity

primary oocytes start meiosis prior to birth but the process halts at where?

prophase 1

what hormones are in the ovary (follicles)?

estradiol, inhibin

what hormones are in the ovary (corpus luteum)?

inhibina nd progesterone

What is the hormone LH involved in the female reproductive system?

ovulation and formation of corpus luteum

what does progesterone do?

maintains pregnant state and endometrial maturation

what does estradiol do?

assists follicle growth, endometrial growth

what is menarche? what age does it occur? how is it ocrchestrated?

first menstrual period

12-13 years

increase in sex steroid production by gonads

what is menopause? what age does it occur? why does it occur?

cessation of menstruation

early 50s

reduction of estradiol and progesterone due to lack of response by follicles

anterior pituitary feedback is no longer active

what is atresia?

degeneration of the oocyte

what are the 4 branches to the penis?

artery to bulb

urethral artery

dorsal artery

deep (cavernosal) artery

what does the internal pudendal artery feed?

perineum and external genitalia

when does blood supply to the penis increase?

during an erection

what does the pudendal nerve supply?

sensory and somatic motor innervation

where is the autonomic innervation to the penis dervied from?

pelvic plexus

What does parasympathetic (erection) stimulate?

production of nitric oxide by deep arteries of penis - these deep arteries dilate and fill lacunae in corpora cavernosa

what does sympthatic (ejaculation) stimulate?

contraction of smooth muscle

reporductive ducts

accessory glands

what does somatic motor (ejaculation) stimulate?

contraction of skeletal muscle around bulb of penis

what are the 4 stages of a male sexual act?

1. erection of penis (parasympathetic)

2. mucus secretion into urethra

3. ejaculation (sympathetic) - emission and expulsion

4. resolution