Apush Unit 2 Test

Indentured servants

• Who were they?

  • Young male displaced farmers and workers that needed employment

    • Suffered from hit on English cloth trades

  • Tenants that were kicked from their landlord’s farms → land needed for sheep grazing

• Opportunity?

  • Sailed from port cities, London and Bristol

  • 1680: Wages in England rose → less of a need to become indentured servants

• Their contract?

  • They provide labor to Chesapeake masters for (4-7) years, and in return they get a paid transatlantic passage with later on “freedom dues” 

    • Labor was for tobacco, profit-hungry settlers pushing for land + struggling to survive, best labor were indentured servants, for families were forming slowly, Indians died quickly from disease → not reliable, African slaves were expensive

  • Could be like an apprenticeship where several years of labor is provided for instruction of a master’s craft.  

• Later on?

  • Progression of 17th Century: Harsher conditions for servants

    • Misbehaving servants might get punished through an extended contract

      • Pregnant housemaid, laborer killed a hog, etc. 

  • After contract: Penniless, the former servants had no option but to work low wages for their former masters

Freedom dues

• Indentured servants were given a ax, hoe, few barrels of corn, clothes, and sometimes a bundle of land

  • Land became scarcer from the Headright system, so masters were more resistant to land grants

Headright system

• Applied by who?

  • Maryland and Virginia

• What did it say?

  • Whoever paid for the passage of a laborer (indentured servant) has the right to get 50 acres of land

• What was its purpose?

  • “...encourage the importation of servant workers”

    • By 1700: 100,000 indentured servants were brought by Chesapeake planters

      • ‘“White slaves”’ > ¾ European immigrants to VA + MD

• What did it cause?

  • Masters took advantage of the benefits of land ownership through the system → made land scarce

    • Masters with good financials would invest in servants to get big holdings of real estate → great merchant-planters

      • Dominated agriculture and commerce of the southern colonies

William Berkeley

• Prior Context:

  • Freemen couldn’t get land or single women, and their population kept growing → worried established planters in VA

    • 1670: Causes the Virginia assembly to disenfranchise a majority of them with the accusations…

      • ‘“Having little interest in the country”’ + “tumults (causing confusion through many ppl) at the election to the disturbance of his majesty’s peace.” 

• Who was William Berkeley?

  • Governor of Virginia that put his misery on the abundance of bachelors as,‘“How miserable that man is that governs a people where six parts of seven at least are poor, indebted, discontented, and armed.”’

Nathaniel Bacon

• Led part of the Bacon’s Rebellion → after his death, Berkeley was able to bring down the uprising

• He led it because he felt bad for the landless former servants + frontiersmen w/ the haughty noble tidewater planters

Bacon’s Rebellion

• Individuals involved?

  • Frontiersmen who were forced to the untamed backcountry to find arable land

  • Not a fan of WB’s friendly policies towards Indians → Indian fur trade was monopolized by the governor

  • Took the lead when WB wouldn’t fight back the brutal Indian attacks on the frontier settlements

• What was it considered? Significance?

  • A civil war in VA that excited depths of passion and fear

• Events:

  • 1676: Thousand out of control Virginians were led by Nathaniel Bacon → Berkeley’s Misery increased

  • Murdered friendly and hostile Indians

  • Chased WB from Jamestown

  • Torch on the capital → chaos from “frustrated freemen and resentful servants”

    • ‘“Rabble of the basset sort of people”’

  • Bacon died → WB crushed the uprising through cruelty + even the hanging of 20 rebels

• Aftermath:

  • Tensions remained, and lordly planters were surrounded by the malcontent → Lordly planters looked for less troublesome labor for the restless tobacco kingdom; Africa caught their eyes

• King Charles II’s perspective?

  • ‘“That old food has put to death more people in that naked country than I did here for the murder of my father.”’

Middle passage

• What is it?

  • “The “middle passage” referred to the transatlantic sea voyage that brought slaves to the New World -- the long and hazardous “middle” segment of a journey that began with a forced march to the African coast and ended with a trek into the American interior.”

• Starting Point?

  • Captured by African coastal tribes to be traded in crude markets on the beaches to Europeans and American flesh merchants

    • Profit went to Europeans, Americans, and African warlords

  • West coast of Africa -- present day Senegal to Angola

• On voyage conditions?

  • British, French, Portuguese, Dutch, and New England filled their ships with slaves that suffered -- treated like cargo with tormenting captors → awful conditions killed many and survivors were traumatized

    • Death rates were up to 20%

• Survivors?

  • Displayed in auctions in New World ports -- Newport, Rhode Island, Charlestown, South Carolina → giant slave market with human misery applied for over a century 

    • Provided for European and American craving of sugar, tobacco, cotton, + other New World products

  • Put into awful labor in Caribbean and Deep South sugar plantations

• Contribution / Impact

  • African population was vast / outnumbered whites in Plantation Colonies, Virginia, South Carolina

• Peak → end?

  • Late 18th Century: Human imports from Africa peaked

  • 19th Century: Outlawing of importation → abolishment of slavery

Royal African Company

• 1672: Received a charter from the crown to transport slaves to the colonies

• 1698: Lost its charter’s monopoly

Slave codes

• Say/do?

  • 1662: Law that made distinction between slaves and servants through race

  • Iron conditions of slavery for blacks and their children -- made them lifetime property (“chattels”) for white masters

    • Conversion to Christianity could not change that fact

      • “...God-fearing whites put the fear of God into their hapless black laborers.”

  • Some colonies -- crime to teach a slave to read and write 

• Conclusion:

  • The foundations of the American slave system included economic and racial reasons

New York slave revolt

• Caused by slaves being tied a lifetime of unfairness → suffered for freedom

• 1712: Erupted and caused death of  9 whites, execution of  21 blacks -- some burned on stake over slow fire

• Tight control over slaves; not like indentured servant’s Bacon's Rebellion

South Carolina slave revolt

• Caused by slaves being tied a lifetime of unfairness → suffered for freedom

• 1739: 50 blacks attempted Spanish Florida from along the Stono River → were stopped by local militia 

• Tight control over slaves; not like indentured servant’s Bacon's Rebellion

Stono River

Traveled by slaves in the South Carolina slave revolt

“First Families of Virginia”

• Aka “FFVs” → were famous

• Families established in Virginia before the 1690s

• Prior to Revolutionary War → Made up 70% of the leaders in the Virginia legislature

Congregational Church

• Puritans ran their own churches + government

• Democracy present in the Congregational Church → democracy in political government

  • Town meetings were part of this democracy → electing officials, schoolmasters, discuss road repairs

Jeremiad

• 17th Century: Rise of new form of a sermon → caused by population growth leading to the dispersing of Puritans onto outlying farms; out of reach of church and neighbors

  • Puritan belief still engrained, but dampening

• Named after prophet Jermiah in the Old Testament

  • Preachers scolded these parishioners; seen as having waning piety

  • Decline in conversions

Half-Way Covenant

• Made for?

  • 1662: Made by troubled ministers thinking of a new formula for church memberships

• Permitted?

  • Admitted baptized w/o “full communion”/conversion

• Effects?

  • Weakened difference between the “elect” + others

  • Dampened original settlers spiritual purity in their godly society

  • Later, the Puritan church opened to everyone (converted + non-converted)

Salem Witch Trials

• Started off with who? where?

  • Group of girls in Salem, Massachusetts

• What was claimed? 

  • Girls claimed to have been bewitched by certain older women 

• Violence involved?

  • 1692: “Witch hunt” → legal executions of 20 individuals: 19 hanged, 1 pressed, 2 dogs hanged

    • Witchcraft persecutions throughout Europe + colonies

• Partnered with what?

  • Turmoil from Indian wars w/ superstitions + prejudices

• Witches?Accusers?

  • Witches → Associated with families that were involved with the flourishing market economy in Salem; a lot were property-owning women

  • Accusers → sufficient farming families in Salem’s hinterland

• Reflected what?

  • Widening social classes

  • Religious traditionalists fearing the Puritan heritage making way for Yankee commercialism

• End + Effects?

  • 1693: Ended “...when the governor, alarmed by an accusation against his own wife and supported by the more responsible members of the clergy, prohibited any further trials and pardoned those already convicted.”

  • (20yrs→)1713: Massachusetts legislature made reparations to the heirs of “convicted witches”

Leisler’s Rebellion

• Cause?

  • Social structure hostility between the lordly landholders and aspiring merchants 

• What was it?

  • 1689-1691: Ill-starred bloody revolt that rocked New York City

• Later?

  • Nobles resented “meaner sort” and passed laws to keep them in their place

    • 1651: Mass. → prohibited poorer folks to wear gold or silver lace

    • 18th Century: VA → tailor fined + jailed for planning to race his horse -- “sport for gentlemen”

  • Democracy and equality thrived in Americas for whites

German immigrants

• Population Numbers?

  • 1775: 6% of the total population -- 150,000 individuals

  • Made up ⅓ of Pennsylvania

• Reason for Immigration?

  • Fleeing religious persecution, economic oppression, and the ravages of war

• Primarily where in the New World?

  • Backcountry of Pennsylvania

  • Philadelphia → had some signs in German and English

• What are they known as?

  • Known as Pennsylvania Dutch → mistaken from German word Deutsch

• Religion? Customs?

  • Branches of Protestantism → mainly Lutherans → religious diversity

  • Far from British crown → remained with German language and customs

• Success?

  • Had stone barns that show industry and prosperity

• Stability in Life?

  • Made sturdy homes and cleared land thoroughly 

Scots-Irish

• Population Numbers?

  • 1775: 7% of total population --175,000 individuals

  • Dozen future presidents were Scots-Irish descent

    • Andrew Jackson → later joined American Revolutionaries

• Who were they?

  • Non-English, Non-Irish group that were conflicted Scots Lowlanders who spoke English

    • Presbyterian + rested on Sabbath

  • “Pugnacious, lawless, and individualistic” → brought Scottish secrets of whiskey distilling with them → stills were scattered through Appalachian hills and hollows

• Them in Ireland?

  • Not prosperous and Irish Catholics hated Scot Presbyterianism -- resented intruders → modern day troubles in Northern Ireland province of Ulster

• Where were they in the New World?

  • Religiously tolerant and deep-soiled Pennsylvania → Germans and Quakers took best acres → made their way to West frontier

    • One of the first settlers of the American West

  • Interaction with Allegheny barrier → spread to backcountry of Maryland, Virginia’s Shenandoah Valley, and into Western Carolinas 

  • Mid-18th century: Chain of Scots-Irish settlements scattered along the “great wagon road” → eastern Appalachian foothills from Pennsylvania to Georgia

• Life in the American West?

  • Squatters on unoccupied land

  • Quarreled with both Indian and White owners

  • Lived in floorless, flimsy log cabins, chopped trees to plant between stumps, tired the soil, and moved on

• Frontiersman?

  • Were superb frontiersman as they are experienced colonizers and agitators from Ireland → ready for any violence like from the Indians → provoked western districts

• British government Influence?

  • Ireland: hindered → especially when the “English government placed burdensome restrictions on their production of linens and woolens”

  • Not fond of British government, who uprooted and lorded Scots-Irish -- according to other governments 

Paxton Boys

• 1764: Armed march in Philadelphia that protested “the Quaker oligarchy’s lenient policy toward the Indians”

Regulator Movement

• Evolved from what?

  • Paxton Boys

• Where was it?

  • North Carolina

• What was it?

  • Insurrection against colonists from the eastern domination of the colony’s affairs

Michel-Guillaume Jean de Crèvecoeur

• Who was he?

  • French settler

• What did he see in America?

  • 1770s: ‘“a strange mixture of blood, which you will find in no other country,”’ → ‘“What then is the American, this new man?”’

Triangular trade

• Manufactured goods from New World → Africa to get slaves in exchange → slaves go to West Indies in exchange for product → product goes back to upper part of New World

• Examples:

  • A captain would sail from New England with a cargo of rum to the West Coast of Africa. From there, the captain would exchange the goods for slaves. He then would transport the slaves to the West Indies and give the survivors in exchange for molasses. That molasses would then be taken to New England to be distilled into rum.

    • Rum was distilled in places like Rhode Island and Massachusetts

• Industries:

  • Iron works, rum distilleries, trading and shipping, cattle and grain, tobacco in the Chesapeake area, rice and indigo down south, furs and skins throughout, fishing, whaling, lumber and timber, shipbuilding, and naval stores

Molasses Act

• Made by who?

  • British West Indian planters → Parliament -- legislation

• Purpose:

  • Suppress North American trade with the French West Indies to promote more trade with British partners

• Why?

  • Americans were seeking profits from non-English markets in order to make their own purchases in Britain

• Effects:

  • Success: Blow to American international trade + destruction of colonist’s standard living

    • Americans bribed and were clever around the law

      • Hints to Americans revolting against far yet dictating Parliament that they saw as wanting to destroy their basic needs

“Established” churches

• What two churches were clearly established / tax-supported churches in 1775?

  • The Anglican (Church of England) and Congregational Church

• Individuals involved?

  • Majority did not worship any church, and in colonies with an established religion, only a minority of people belonged to it.

• Rebellious effects:

  • Thoughts on revolting against British crown → 

    • Neo-trinity: Presbyterianism, Congregationalism, and rebellion

    • Anglican clergymen provided bread taxes to the Church of England, so they supported their king

Anglican Church

• Official in Georgia, the Carolinas, Virginia, Maryland, and a part of New York

• Brought kingly authority

• All other colonies opposed it

• Didn’t have resident bishop who would be helpful to young ministers

  • Had to become ordained in England

• “Depressing” religion that wasn’t fierce, but more worldly

  • Sermons were short, hell wasn’t so scary, amusements -- like VA fox-hunting -- weren’t so scorned

  • 17th Century: Reputation was bad, so VA made the College of Mary in 1693 to train improved clerics

Congregational Church

• Colony application?

  • All New England colonies except for Rhode Island

  • Mass. taxed its residents for it, until they decided members of other well-known dominations don’t have to

• Religious base?

  • Derived from Puritan Church

  • Close to Presbyterianism

• Troubles?

  • Ministers of the gospel were troubled with applying the Bible with the sinful world + politics (issues too)

• Concepts?

  • Stressed need for Bible reading by individual worshiper

  • Clergy was to make good Christians; not necessarily good citizens

Arminianism

• Named after who?

  • Jacobus Arminius

• Concept?

  • Free will and no predestination

  • All humans can be saved through accepting God’s Grace + having a lifetime of good work’s 

• Challenged who?

  • Calvinism, Puritan concepts, Churches

• Caused?

  • Some churches to not require a spiritual conversion for a church membership

Jacobus Arminius

• Dutch theologian who preached concepts of Arminianism, which is named after him

Great Awakening

• Set by?

  • Clerical intellectualism + liberalism → dampening spiritual vitality from many denominations

• Emphasized?

  • Direct, emotive spirituality lessened older clergy -- education + knowledge

• Influenced?

  • Division in denominations → competitive American churches

  • Missionary work amongst Indians + slaves -- attended open air revivals

  • Founding of “new light” centers

• Significance?

  • Broke down boundaries and unified Americans as a single people through common history and shared experiences

Jonathan Edwards

• What did he do?

  • First ignited Great Awakening in Northampton, Massachusetts

• Description?

  • Tall, delicate, and intellectual pastor

• Beliefs?

  • Strongly believed in salvation coming through good works and the need for complete dependence on God’s grace

  • Hell is made up of the skulls of unbaptized children

• Preaching?

  • Style was learned + reasoned

  • 1734: stark doctrines → sympathetic reaction from his parishioners

• Imagery?

  • Painted lurid details for paintings of hell + eternal torments

  • “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God” - his famous sermon

George Whitefield

• Description?

  • English, travels from place to place, beneficed member of clergy

  • Former alehouse attendant

  • Eloquent public speaker

    • Had a different preaching style for Christianity that brought a fire in religious passion → revolutionized spiritual life in colonies

    • Spoke sonorously to more than thousands of fascinated listeners in open fields

    • Actors envied his voice

• During Meetings?

  • Individuals professed conversion

  • “Saved” were stimulated with religious excitement

  • Impacted both genders, races, and regions

• Concept?

  • Human helplessness + divine omnipotence

• Impact?

  • Put Jonatan Edwards to tears + Benjamin Franklin-- skeptical + thrifty-- emptied his pockets in collection plates

  • American imitators heaped abuse on sinners and struck emotional appeals amongst vast audiences

    • Preacher cackled at unfortunate wrongdoers

    • Preacher naked to waist, leaped frantically through torches

Old lights

• Who were they?

  • Orthodox clergymen

• Beliefs?

  • skeptical of the emotionalism and theatrical foolishness of the revivalists

New lights

• Beliefs?

  • Stood by the Great Awakening in its role in revitalizing American religion

• Centers?

  • Of higher learning

  • Princeton, Brown, Rutgers, Dartmouth

John Trumbull

• Connecticut painter that was discouraged by father, so he was left with no choice but to go to London to pursue his ambitions -- like many talented artists at the time

  • “Connecticut is not Athens.” -- his father

Charles Willson Peale

• Known for? (4)

  • Portraits of George Washington

  • Ran a museum

  • Stuffed birds

  • Practiced dentistry

John Singleton Copley

• Career?

  • Had to go to England to complete training, but succeeded in his ambition to become famous painter

    • There, one could find subjects who had free time to pose for portraits + people to pay generously for the portraits

• Regarded as?

  • Revolutionary War: Loyalist 

  • West: Close friend of George II + official court painter

• Buried?

  • London’s St. Paul’s Cathedral 

Phillis Wheatley

• Precocious poet who was an enslaved girl

• Brought to Boston at age 8 + never formally educated

  • Could overcome her disadvantaged bg + write any poem

• 20 yrs old: Taken to England

  • Published book of verse

    • Best of poetry-poor colonial period

  • Wrote polished poems that displayed the influence of Alexander Pope

Benjamin Franklin

• Called what?

  • “The first civilized American”

• Viewed as?

  • Literary light

• Known for what?

  • Poor Richard’s Almanack

    • Shaping American character

  • “...the only first-rank scientist produced in the American colonies”

    • Spectacular but dangerous experiments -- kite flying showing lighting is electricity

      • Won many honors in Europe

    • Inventions:

      • Bifocal spectacles, highly efficient Franklin stove, lightning rod -- felt by uninspired/dull clergymen as “presuming on God” by it trying to control the “artillery of the heavens”

  • Established in Philadelphia -- “first privately supported circulating library in America”

    • 1776: 50 public libraries + collections supported by subscriptions

  • University of Pennsylvania

    • first American college that was free from denominational control

Poor Richard’s Almanack

• Description?

  • Autobiography made by Benjamin Franklin

  • 1732-1758: Edited by Benjamin Franklin

  • Well known in Europe, read almost like the Bible in the Americas

• Concepts:

  • Pithy sayings selected from thinkers of the age

    • Unsophisticated virtues like thrift, industry, morality, and common sense

      • ‘“What maintains one vice would bring up two children”; “Plough deep while sluggards sleep”; “Honesty is the best policy”; and “Fish and visitors stink in three days.”’

  • Witty advice to old and young

John Peter Zenger

• Newspaper printer involved in Zenger trial

  • Criticized / Attacked corrupt royal governor

• Accused of? → brought to court

  • Seditious libel -- influencing rebellion against authority through “rumor” 

• Defended by?

  •  Andrew Hamilton →Distinguished Philadelphia lawyer that was once an indentured servant

Zenger Trial

• Where?

  • New York -- middle colony

• Reflected?

  • “Tumultuous give-and-take of politics” w/ ethnic groups on each other

• Argued what?

  • Zenger printed the truth → royal chief justice countered by telling jury to push aside the truthful or false statements from Zenger + that printing is enough to convict

  • Hamilton : At stake - “the very liberty of both exposing and opposing arbitrary power” 

• Verdict?

  • Andrew Hamilton was an eloquent speaker → jury returned verdict of not guilty

• Effects?

  • Accomplished freedom of press + health of democracy

  • People can communicate thoughts in open discussions + pathed the way for doctrines that brought the concept of true statements about public officials cannot be prosecuted as libel / rumors

    • Newspapers were free to criticize powerful individuals

Council

• One of the two-house legislative body -- upper house

• Chosen by voters in the self-governing colonies

Royal colonies

• Council normally appointed by crown

• Control in crown

Proprietary colonies

• Council normally appointed by proprietor

• Control in proprietors

• Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Delaware

Lord Cornbury

• Background?

  • Corrupt + broken down politician that badly needed a job

  • Impoverished

  • First cousin of Queen Anne

• Significance?

  • 1702: Governor of New York and New Jersey

  • Was a “drunkard, a spendthrift, a grafter, an embezzler, a religious bigot, and a vain fool, who was accused (probably inaccurately) of dressing like a woman.”

• Assembly coped with?

  • Forced authority and independence → withholding salary of needy governor, for him to follow their terms