The macronutrients and Food and nutrition basics.

Macronutrients

Refer to those nurture to that are needed by the body in large amounts.

What are the 3 macronutrients necessary to help us with performing daily activities?

• carbohydrates

• Proteins

• Fats

Macronutrients

Refer to those nurture to that are needed by the body in large amounts.

What are the 3 macronutrients necessary to help us with performing daily activities?

• carbohydrates

• Proteins

• Fats

What are the only nutrients that provide energy?

Macronutrients

Where does the energy from macronutrients come from?

The come from their chemical bonds.

What occurs to the chemical energy from the chemical bonds of macronutrients?

It is converted into cellular energy that can be utilized to perform work, allowing cells to conduct their basic functions.

From what macronutrient does the majority of calories come from?

From carbohydrates followed by fats and proteins.

How are food calories measured?

They are measured in kilocalories (kcal).

Kilocalorie

is the amount of energy needed to raise 1 kilogram of water by 1 degree Celsius.

How many calories per gram does carbohydrate and proteins have?

They have 4 calories per gram.

How many calories per gram do fats have?

They have 9 calories per gram.

Which is the most energy-dense nutrient?

Fats because it provides the most calories per gram.

Dimensional analysis

is a problem-solving method used to convert numbers in one unit to another. They are used by nurses to calculate medications.

1 kilogram (kg)

• 2.2pounds (lbs.)

• 1000 rams (G)

1 gram (G)

1000 milligrams (mg)

1 milligram (mg)

1000 micrograms (mcg)

1 pound (lbs)

• 1.92 cups fluid

• 3,500 kcals.

1 liter (L)

1000 millimeter (mL)

1 millimeter (mL)

1 cubic centimeter

1 oz (ounce)

30 mL

1 Cup (C)

8 ounces (oz)

1 tsp (teaspoon)

5 mL

1 Tbs (tablespoon)

15 mL

1 mL

1 cc

Carbohydrates acceptable macronutrients distribution

45% to 65% of total calories

Proteins acceptable macronutrients distribution

10% to 35% of total calories

Fat acceptable macronutrients distribution

20% to 35% of total calories

Saturated fat acceptable macronutrients distribution

< 10%

Trans fat acceptable macronutrients distribution

<1%

Polyunsaturated fat acceptable macronutrients distribution

5-10%

Monounsaturated fat acceptable macronutrients distribution

10-15%

Digestion

is the process of breaking down foods into smaller substances that the body can absorb.

What are the major organs of the digestive tract?

• mouth

• esophagus

• stomach

• small intestine

• large intestine

How long is the digestive tract?

25 feet

What helps control peristalsis?

Hormones and nerves help control it.

What are the stomach muscular contractions called?

They are peristalsis

What are the accessory organs of the digestive system?

• salivary glands

• pancreas

• liver

• gallbladder

What are the two types of digestion called?

chemical and mechanical

Mechanical digestion

chewing, physically breaking down food

Chemical digestion

breakdown food by substances secreted by the accessory organs into digestive tract.

What digests starch?

Amylase

What does the saliva contain?

It contains water, mucus, and salivary amylase.

What is the first enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates?

It is Amylase

What prevents chocking and allows food to move into the esophagus?

A small flap of tissue called Epiglottis

What is a mouthful of food called?

A bolus

What’s it called when a food is now liquified in the stomach?

A Chyme

What protects the stomach lining?

Mucus

What happens if content from the stomach backs up into the esophagus?

It can result in reflux

Denaturing

is when the highly complex proteins are uncoiled so that the bonds will be exposed for digestion in the small intestine.

What is needed to activate Pepsin?

HCL (Hydrochloric acid)

HCL (Hydrochloric acid)

is the primary enzyme that helps digest protein and reduce certain nutrients such as iron, folate, and calcium.

What allows small amounts of stomach contents into small intestine?

Pyloric Sphincter.

What are the three parts of the small intestine?

• The duodenum’

• Jejunum

• Ileum

Why does bile and pancreatic ducts enter the duodenum?

To deliver bile, bicarbonate and enzymes.

Where does the majority of chemical digestion of the macronutrients occur?

In the duodenum.

What happens if there are remaining components after digestion and absorption?

They move from the small intestine into the large intestine also known as colon.

What does the large intestine does?

It absorbs water and changes waste from liquid into semi-solid stool called feces.

What is feces composed of?

It is composed of:

• undigested food

• unabsorbed digestive substances

• bacteria

• old cells from GI Tract

• Inorganic salts

• Water (helps feces pass smoothly out of body)

What is part of the liver’s function?

It makes and stores some nutrients and detoxifies the body of harmful substances.

What does the liver produces?

It produces bile which digest and absorb fat.

What does the gallbladder stores?

It stores and concentrates bile after it is sent from the live.

Why does the gallbladder sends bile to the small intestine?

It sends it when it’s needed to emulsify fat.

What does the pancreas produces?

Most enzymes that breakdown carbohydrate.

What protective mechanism helps to prevent erosion in the stomach?

Mucus secretion

When digesting a food product such as multigrain bread, where would you expect to digestion of the majority of fibers to take place?

Large intestine

Why is the stomach acidic?

It is:

• denature proteins

• kill bacteria

• reduce ion

• releases nutrients bound up by protein.

How can the enzymes from fruits and vegetables affect digestion?

Enzymes from body and the fruit and vegetable ones can speed up digestion. of certain nutrients.

Where are digestive enzymes produced?

They are produced mainly by the pancreas, stomach, and small intestine.

What are the three types of enzymes?

• Amylase, maltose and lactase

• Proteases

• Lipases

Amylase, maltose and lactase

breaks down starches and carbohydrates into sugars.

Proteases (pepsin, trypsin, peptidase)

break down proteins into amino acids

Lipases

break down lipids (fats and oils) into glycerol and fatty acids

Why does lactose intolerance occur?

It is due to the lack of lactase needed to breakdown not being produced in adequate amounts.

What do gut hormones do?

They control food intake and energy expenditure.

What is the body’s largest hormone-producing organ?

The gut

What does bile contain?

• water

• electrolyte

• organic molecules including:

  • bile acids, cholesterol, phospholipids, and bilirubin.

Bile

it’s an emulsifying agent for fat that combines hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties.

Which nutrients are digested by pancreatic enzymes in the small intestine?

• Carbohydrates

• fat

• protein

Absorption

is when the simple molecules that result from digestion pass through membranes of the small intestine into the blood or lymphatic system.

Where does absorption occur?

In the lining of the villi.

What happens after the nutrients are absorbed?

They enter either the circulatory system or lymphatic system.

What is the primary route to transport nutrients to cells?

The circulatory system.

What enters the lymphatic system?

Fats and fat-soluble vitamins.

What will enter the bloodstream?

Water-soluble nutrients.

Which nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream?

• Monosaccharides

• Amino acids

• Water soluble vitamins

Which nutrients are absorbed into the lymphatic system?

Fatty Acids and Fat-soluble vitamins

What is the main job of the colon?

It is to reabsorb water back into the body and expel waste products.

What do the bacterias in the GI Tract do?

They can eat and digest fiber and resistant starches, we can’t digest them but the bacterias can.

What is the byproduct of the digestive bacterias?

• water

• fatty acids

• gas

What does it mean when feces is red or black?

There may be bleeding in the gastrointestinal system.

What does it mean when feces is green or yellow?

It may indicate malabsorption or problems with digestive organs.

What does it mean when feces float?

It means that they have high-fat contents.

What does it mean when feces sink?

It means they have more protein.

What does it mean when there is oil or pieces of fat in feces?

This may indicate a fat malabsorption problem.

What are the functions of good bacteria in the GI tract?

• help digest food

• keep harmful bacteria from growing out of control and making you sick

• create vitamins such as biotin, pantothenic acid, Vitamin B 12 and vitamin K.

• break down and absorb medications

• help support the cells that line your gut to prevent harmful bacteria consumed from entering your blood

• improves immune system

What happens when we get an infection?

It means there are more bad bacterias knocking our system off.

What conditions can probiotics help with?

• diarrhea

• constipation

• yeast infection

• urinary tract infection (UTI)

• inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)

• Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

• gum disease

• sepsis

• upper respiratory infections

• eczema

• lactose intolerance

What benefits do plant based diets have?

They promote healthy microbiota since they have high fiber content.

What foods naturally contain probiotics?

• yogurt

• kefir

• buttermilk

• kombucha

• tempeh

• fermented pickles

• sauerkraut

• kimchi

• miso soup

What does encourage healthy microbiome in infants?

Breastfeeding

Dysbiosis

an imbalance of a person’s natural microbiota.