Middle Ages (copy)

Pope

Pope

The spiritual head of the Roman Catholic Church

Crusades

A log series of wars between Christians and Muslims in Southeast Asia fought for control of the Holy Land

Gothic Architecture

a style of architecture in Europe known for its high-pointed ceiling, tall towers, and stained-glass windows

Feudal System

This system of obligations that governed the relationships between lords and vassals in Medieval Europe

Lord

A noble that owned and controlled all activities on his manor

Knight

A warrior who held great prestige and dominated warfare in Europe

Vassal

A noble who was given a fief from his Lord in exchange for loyalty

Manor

a large estate owned by a lord or knight

Fief

Land owned by a lord given to a vassal in return for service

Peasant

Poor farmer or laborer of low social ranks; uneducated

Serf

A person that is bound to the land and owned by the feudal law

Magna Carta

A document signed in 1215 by King John of England which required the king to honor certain rights

Renaissance

The period of “rebirth” and creativity that followed Europe’s Middle Ages

Humanism

The study of history, literature, public speaking, and art and led to an ew way of thinking in the late 1300s in Europe

Johann Gutenburg

German printer who developed the first printing press that made book production faster and easier

Reformation

A movement against the Roman Catholic Church that began in 1517 and resulted in the Protestant Church

Protestants

A Christian who protested against the Catholic Church

Martin Luther

German priest who began the Reformation by nailing a list of complaints about the Catholic Church to a door

Scientific Revolution

A series of events that led to the birth of modern science and lasted from 1540 to 1700

Galileo

Italian astronomer and mathematician who formulated the basic law of falling objects and observed the sun and surrounding planets

Sir Isaac Newton

English scientist who identified the laws of gravity and motion

Queen Isabella

Leader of Spain who supported and paid for the voyages of Christopher Columbus

Christopher Columbus

Italian sailor who led a voyage to the Americas in 1492 while trying to find a faster route to India and China

Circumnavigate

To go all the way around the globe

Ferdinand Magellan

Portuguese explorer who led the 1519 Spanish expedition to the East Indies across the Pacific Ocean