population and settlement

what causes rapid increase in world population?

more food, learning how to control disease

death, death, migration cause:

population changes

rural—→ urban migration reasons: + and -

employment and education and cultural diversity, poverty and no opportunities

international migration reasons: + and -

+: increased young working population and cultural diversity -: crowding

voluntary and involuntary migration:

push and push factors (e.g war and work)

impacts of migration:

cultural diversity (can lead to racism), increased economic growth, more pressure on public services

developing country factors:

high death/birth rate, low life expectancy

developed country factors:

low death/ birth rate, longer life expectancy

factors action population density and distribution: physical

climate, soils (fertile)

factors actions population density and distribution: economic

job availability, affective infrastructure (transport)

factors actions population density and distribution: social

education, religion, crime rate

factors actions population density and distribution: political

public service, civil war, government corruption

factors influencing settlement:

relief, soil, water supply, accessibility and resources

hierarchy high and smaller towns:

larger towns: more services with high and low order goods, smaller towns: greater range of services with low and high order goods and services

sphere of influence:

the area served by a settlement, large settlement=bigger sphere of influence than smaller ones - means they attract people from a wider range, threshold population=the number of people needed to support a business providing goods or services

CBD:

most expensive land, high-rise, high-density buildings near the centre (traffic noise, pollution)

inner city:

factories and manufacturing (pollution)

residential zones:

working class - cheapest housing close to employment, high density with high population of migrants (racism)

reason for rapid urban growth:

migration to urban areas (rural to urban living), higher birth rate due to youthful age structure, higher death rate in rural areas due to diseases, unreliable food supply, famine, natural hazards, poor water and medication, rural areas being reclassified as urban area

impacts of urban growth on urban areas:

bad water availability, waste-disposal problem, high energy consumption

impacts of urban growth on rural areas:

environment, waste disposal, environmental degration and loss of biodiversity

slums:

neglected part of a city that is squalid and overcrowded, lacks durability, space, water, sanitation, tenure(security)

what to improve in slums?

security, assistance in improving housing, access to water, electricity, public transportation, rural investment