Chapter 11 - Crisis of the Later Middle Ages

Great Famine

A terrible famine in 1315-1322 that hit much of Europe after a period of climate change

Black Death

Plague that first struck europe in 1347 and killed perhaps 1/3 of the population

flagellants

People who believed that the plague was God’s punishment for sin and sought to do penance by whipping themselves

Hundred Years’ War

A war between England and France from 1337 to 1453, with political and economic causes and consequences

Representative assemblies

Deliberative meetings of lords and wealthy urban residents that flourished in many European countries between 1250 and 1450

Babylonian Captivity

The period from 1309 to 1376 when the popes resided in Avignon rather than in rome.

Great Schism

The division, or split, in church leadership from 1378 to 1417 when there was two, then three, popes

conciliarists

People who believed that the authority in the Roman Church should rest in a general council composed of clergy, theologians, and laypeople, rather than the pope alone

Jacquerie

A massive uprising by French peasants in 1358 protesting heavy taxation

English Peasants’ Revolt

Revolt by English peasants in 1381 in response to changing economic conditions

Statute of Kilkenny

Law issued in 1366 that discriminated against the Irish, forbidding marriage between English and the Irish, requiring the use of the English language, and denying the Irish access to ecclesiastical offices

Jews

Famine and diseass ridden people blamed the ____ for their troubles

Port cities

What types of cities were heavily affected by the plague?

Labor shortages led to higher wages

What positive economic conditions did the Black Death bring?

General inflation

What negative economic conditions did the Black Death bring?

Disputes over the Aquitaine region and succession to the French throne

What were causes of the 100 years war?

Early nationalism

Royal propaganda encouraging unity within countries and opposition to the other

Longbowmen

English soldiers who possessed long range weapons to best the French in the early years of the war

Joan of Arc

Claimed visions from God and was put in charge of French armies, turning the tide of the war

Farmlands were destroyed and the rural economy was in shambles

What economic impact did the 100 years war have?

Religious faith weakened over papal confusion

What effect did the Schism have on common people?

William of Occam/Marsiglio of Padua

argued for separation of church and state

John Wyclif

argued that the the church had no secular power and translated the Bible into English

Jan Hus

denied papal authority, later burned for heresy

Council of Pisa

held in 1409 to try to end the Schism, instead adding a third pope to the mix

Usury

the charging of excessive interest on loans (why many hated jews)

religious

Many people saw the Black Death as a ______ problem rather than a medical problem

Scapegoat

a person who is blamed for the wrongdoings, mistakes, or faults of others

Burgundy

French nobles from ______ supported the English to gain political independence

Flemish

______ merchants from France supported the English because of their reliance on the wool trade

technology

The war stimulated the advancement of _______

Confraternities

voluntary lay groups organized by occupation, devotional preference, neighborhood, or charitable activity

Oppressive taxes, criminal banditry, battlefield losses, and general misery

Causes for the Jacquerie rebellion:

frozen wages and boundedness to manors

Causes for the English Peasants Revolt

Prostitution

an sexual urban phenomena permitted by cities in certain red-light districts

Fur-Collar Crime

noble bandits in the countryside demanding ransom and protection moneys; signifies political corruption

Blood

Ethnic difference began to be referred to in terms of _____

Vernacular

common language

“Divine Comedy”

Written by Dante Alighieri, a work about the travels through Heaven, Purgatory, and Hell, specifically presenting issues with the church in Inferno

“Canterbury Tales”

Written by Geoffrey Chaucer, provides a panorama of European social life

Unam Sanctum

states that the Catholic church is the only way to heavan

Excommunication

banishment from the Church