History final exam

what is capitalism

an economic system based on private ownership and profit

what is market economics

prices and production are decided by consumer demand, not the government

what is specialization

breaking a job into small, repetitive tasks (division of labor) to increase speed

what are the benefits of capitalism

ability to move up in class based on merit/hard work, competition creates better technology and quality, and increased material well being and product variety

what are the negatives of capitalism

workers paid the lowest possible wages for maximum profit. children used for cheap, dangerous work in mines/factories. and pollution and over consumption of natural resources

what are luddites

workers who smashed machines because they feared losing their jobs and craft

what are unions

groups of workers joining together to fight for better pay/safety

what was the english governments view of unions

hated unions, passed laws to make strikes illegal

what is collective bargaining

when workers negotiate with bosses as a single group

what is colonialism

a powerful country taking over a weaker territory for resources

what is nationalism

an intense pride for one’s nation, wanting to be the most powerful

what is the scramble for africa

europeans race to claim african land for gold, rubber, and diamonds

in the triangular trade what was the outward passage

europe to africa (carrying, guns, cloth, and iron)

in the triangular trade what was the middle passage

africa to americas (carrying enslaved people)

in the triangular trade what was the return passage

americas to europe (carrying sugar, tobacco, and cotton)

what is the technological shifts in society during the industrial revolution

shift from hand tools to power driven machinery

what is the economic shifts in society during the industrial revolution

rise of global trade, corporations, and banks

what is the social shifts in society during the industrial revolution

urbanization (massive move from farms to cities)

what is the seed drill

planted seeds in neat rows to increase crop yields

what is crop rotation

kept soil healthy to grow more food with fewer workers

what is the result of the agriculture industry

forced rural people into cities to find factory work

what is the factory system

a system where profit was the priority, often leading to the exploitation of workers

what were the living conditions in the factory system

workers lived in “tenements” (crowded, low quality apartments) near factories

what are canals

dug to transport heavy goods (like coal) cheaply and efficiently

what are some transportation inventions

the steam engine/locomotive

how did the printing press help end feudalism

The printing press spread ideas quickly, especially new political and social ideas that questioned the power of nobles and the feudal system. This helped people become more educated and support changes that weakened feudalism.