1: States of matter

Solid

Seperation: particles are tightly packed and no separation, Arrangement: regular, organised pattern Motion: particles vibrate about their position in the structure

Liquid

Separation:particles are close together and some separation, most are touching, Arrangement: particles are randomly arranged. Motion: particles slide past one another and move with random motion throughout the container

Gases

Separation: particles are widely spaced, Arrangement: particles are randomly arranged Motion: particles move rapidly in all directions, colliding with each other and the sides of the containe

Temperature

As the temperature of a gas increases, particles gain more kinetic energy
Particles collide more frequently and with greater force
Particles spread out to maintain a constant pressure
Volume increases
The inverse is true for a decrease in temperature

Pressure

An increase in pressure forces gas particles closer together
The same number of gas particles occupy less space (volume decreases)‘
Kinetic particle theory

Melting

When a solid is heated, particles gain more kinetic energy and vibrate faster. At the melting point, particles have enough energy to overcome the intermolecular forces holding them in place. Particles break free from their fixed positions and start moving more freely

Freezing

When a liquid is cooled, particles lose kinetic energy and slow down. At freezing point, particles transition to an ordered solid state, held together by intermolecular forces

Boiling

When a liquid is heated, particles gain more kinetic energy, causing them to move faster and collide with greater force. At boiling point, particles break free of the intermolecular forces holding them in a liquid state. Particles spread out, moving freely in all directions

Evaporation

Condensation

When a gas is cooled, particles lose kinetic energy and slow down. Particles come closer together and intermolecular forces form. Particles aggrigate to form liquid droplets

Heating curves

Temperature of solid increases. Particles gain more kinetic energy.
Melting point (conversion to liquid state). Temperature plateau.
Temperature of liquid increases. Particles gain more kinetic energy.
Boiling point (conversion to gaseous state). Temperature plateau.
Temperature of gas increases.

Cooling curves

Temperature of gas decreases. Particles lose kinetic energy.
Condensation (conversion to liquid state). Temperature plateau.
Temperature of liquid decreases. Particles lose kinetic energy.
Freezing point (conversion to solid state). Temperature plateau.
Temperature of solid decreases.

Diffusion

particles spread out from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. Lighter gas particles are able to move faster and cover greater distances than heavier
ones.
This means that a gas will diffuse more quickly when it has a lower relative mass.