Expanding Social Horizons

Vocabulary flashcards about family relationships, parenting styles, child development, friendships, aggression, and media influence.

Socialization

Teaching children the values, roles, and behaviors of their culture.

Authority/Demandingness

The degree to which parents try to control their children’s behavior by setting standards for behavior.

Affection/Responsiveness

The amount and way love is expressed to the child and acceptance of the child’s points of view.

Authoritarian parenting

Combines high control with little warmth; parental role is seen as somebody who sets down rules but does not negotiate them.

Permissive parenting

Offers warmth and caring but little parental control; approach follows child needs.

Authoritative parenting

Combines a fair degree of parental control with being warm and responsive to children; parents negotiate rules and expectations.

Uninvolved parenting

Provides neither warmth nor control, but often offers ‘freedom.’

Direct instruction

Involves telling a child what to do, when, and why to indicate whether a behavior is appropriate or inappropriate.

Modeling

Combined with young children’s observational learning and leads to imitation.

Reinforcement

Any action that increases the likelihood of the response.

Punishment

Any action that discourages the recurrence of the response that it follows.

Negative reinforcement trap

A situation where parents unwittingly reinforce the very behaviors they want to discourage.

Birth order effect

Change of your personality which is caused by the order of your birth.

Blended family

The unit that results after remarriages, consisting of a biological parent, stepparent, and children.

Physical abuse

Involves assault that leads to injuries.

Sexual abuse

Involves fondling, intercourse, or other sexual behaviors.

Neglect

Occurs when children do not receive adequate food, clothing, or medical care.

Psychological abuse

Involves ridicule, rejection, or humiliation.

Friendship

A voluntary relationship between two people involving mutual liking.

Cliques

Small, close-knit groups based on frequent interaction and collectively determined membership.

Crowds

Groups of non-friends connected by a shared image and reputation.

Popular children

Liked by many classmates.

Rejected children

Disliked by many classmates.

Controversial children

Both liked and disliked by classmates.

Average children

Liked and disliked by some classmates but without the intensity found for popular, rejected, or controversial children.

Neglected children

Ignored by classmates.

Instrumental aggression

A child uses aggression to achieve a goal.

Hostile aggression

Unprovoked, and its primary goal is to intimidate, harass, and humiliate.

Relational aggression

Children try to hurt others by undermining their social relationships.