Module 4 flashcards Bisc 110

What is DNA?

DNA stores the information that the cell needs to produce proteins

What is the structure of DNA?

double helix

What are the monomers for DNA?

nucleotides

What is the composition of a nucleotide?

1. phosphate

2. sugar

3. nitrogeneous base

What are the bases of DNA and what are their pairings?

Adenine - Thymine

Guanine - Cytosine

What are the bases of RNA and what are their pairings?

Adenine - Uracil

Guanine - Cytosine

What sugar makes up DNA?

deoxyribose

What sugar makes up RNA?

ribose

What is a gene?

a sequence of DNA that encodes a specific protein

what is transcription?

the process of making a RNA molecule that is complementary to DNA

where does transcription occur?

in the nucleus

what is translation?

the process of making a protein with the information in RNA

where does translation occur?

in the cytoplasm

what is a mutation?

a change in a DNA’s cell sequence

what is genetic engineering?

the direct modifcation of an organism’s genome

what is recombinant DNA?

the genetic material from another species

what do transgenic plants do?

they infect plants with a bacterium containing new genes

what do transgenic animals do?

they typically infect a gamete or zygote with a virus carrying the foreign genes

what is a DNA probe?

a single stranded sequence that is complementary to a known region of DNA

what is the function of a DNA probe?

it can test for a genetic disease in a child or adult

what is gene therapy?

a treatment that involves introducing, altering, or removing genes within a patient’s cells to treat genetic disorders

what is CRISPR?

“molecular scissors” aka a revolutionary gene editing technique

what is fertilization?

the sperm cell fuses with an egg cell to create a cell with all the DNA of a typical body cell

what is the process in which human cells divide?

mitosis

what happens during interphase of the cell cycle?

the cell does its job and prepares to divide; the cell parts increase in number and the cell grows

what happens during mitosis?

the nucleus divides and produces 2 diploid cells that are identical to each other

what kind of cells are produced by meiosis?

4 haploid cells (gametes) that are not identical to each other

what is the product of uncontrolled cell division?

a tumor

what sets of chromosomes are autosomes?

sets 1-22

what set of chromosomes are sex chromosomes?

set 23

what are homologous chromosomes?

chromosomes that look alike and carry the same sequence of genes for the same traits

what is an allele?

the specific version or variant of a gene

what are gonads?

primary reproductive organs that make gametes and secrete hormones

what is spermatogenesis and where does it occur?

the production of sperm; occurs in the seminiferous tubules of the testes

what is oogenesis and where does it occur?

the production of an ovum; occurs in the ovaries

what is the function of the uterine tube in female?

carries oocyte to uterus

what is the function of the uterus?

the site where the embryo and fetus develop

what is the function of the vagina?

connects the uterus to the outside of the body

what is the cervix?

the end of the uterus that opens to the vagina

what is the breast?

it contains fatty tissue and milk ducts

what is the function of the ovary?

produces egg cells