Genetics and Biotechnology Review

Flashcards based on lecture notes

DNA polymerase moves in opposite directions on DNA strands because it can only polymerize in the _ direction.

5' → 3' direction from a free 3’ hydroxyl

_ can bind to the mRNA codon with its anti-codon end, delivering the correct amino acid for translation on the ribosome.

Transfer or tRNA

_ uses recombinant DNA to repair disorders/disease related to gene mutations or dysregulation of genes.

Gene Therapy

The three base (triplet) nucleotide sequence (copied from the gene DNA to mRNA) that determines which amino acid is placed in the protein primary sequence during translation is called the _.

genetic code

Small interfering RNA molecules such as micro-RNAs are used by cells to target mRNA for silencing or destruction is an example of _.

Post-transcriptional regulation

Enzymes like EcoR1 that cut DNA at specific palindromic sequences are called _.

restriction endonuclease

_ molecules are used by cells to target mRNA for silencing or destruction.

Small interfering RNA

The cellular process of gene expression or turning on a gene is called _.

transcription

A single eukaryotic gene may produce several proteins due to _.

alternative splicing

Muscle cells and nerve cells in humans have the same DNA but owe their differences in structure and function to _.

different programs of gene expression (sets of genes turned on or off)

Mutations at the chromosomal level can result from inversions, duplications, deletions, and _.

translocations

Proof-reading by DNA polymerase I is essential to replication to _.

remove RNA primers and replace with DNA nucleotides and repair mismatched bases

Prokaryotes tend to regulate transcription of genes in biochemical pathways using an _ transcription unit.

operon

The cellular process that involves synthesis of DNA is _.

Semi-conservative DNA replication

The enzyme involved in transcription that binds to the promoter and joins the RNA bases complementary to the DNA template is _.

RNA polymerase

Specific proteins called _ provide the surface to wind up the DNA during condensation of the chromosomes.

Histones

Failure to establish the correct reading frame during translation would result in a _.

frameshift and a mistaken amino acid sequence resulting in a damaged protein or disease

In order to seal the sugar-phosphate backbone of the recombinant molecule, the enzyme needed is _.

DNA ligase

Small circular extrachromosomal replicating DNA that transfers genes among bacteria are called _.

Plasmids

Cellular process of protein synthesis is called _.

Translation

_ is a computationally intensive field for analysis of Genomes.

Bioinformatics

Incorporation of fluorescent di-dideoxy nucleotide chain terminator bases is used in _.

Automated Sanger Sequencing

Hershey and Chase observed that the marker was outside the E. coli cells while the marker was inside the cells indicating DNA was transferring the hereditary material (genes).

protein, DNA

Beadle and Tatum framed the hypothesis: _.

One gene, one enzyme (polypeptide)

The polymerase chain reaction utilizes heat stable Taq DNA polymerase and gene specific DNA primers to _.

make many copies of a targeted segment of DNA in vitro

Crisper/CAS is a genetic technology that is used as _.

Gene editing that is directed by RNA guide sequences

Method using the analysis of presence absence and number of short tandem repeats (STR) in DNA samples to identify individuals is called _.

DNA fingerprinting

Retroviruses such as COVID-19 and HIV/AIDS use the enzyme _ to copy its RNA to DNA.

Reverse Transcriptase

In Eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the and translation in the .

nucleus, cytoplasm

Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic gene sequences contain upstream conserved elements that attract the RNA polymerase are called _.

Promoters

Analysis of the entire complement of genetic material (DNA) of humans as in the Human Genome Project found that _.

Only a small part of the genome contains protein coding exons (1.5%) with the remaining being repeated sequences, introns and insertions

Eukaryotic genes that are regulated together have common binding sites for transcription factors called _.

Enhancers

Region of a gene that binds RNA polymerase _.

promoter

Eukaryotic genes contain intervening sequences called , and coding sequences called .

introns, exons

Eukaryotic genes undergo _ to remove the intervening sequences and knot together the final full coding sequence.

RNA splicing

To ensure stability of the final message (mRNA coding sequence) the mRNA is modified by adding a 5’ and a 3’ before export from the nucleus to the cytoplasm for translation.

cap, poly-A tail