bio msstate

how do plants affect humans?

oxygen, food, ecosytem

how do humans affect plants?

produce CO2, grow them, pollution

does not have vascular tissue

bryophytes (moss)

has vascular tissue

vascular plant

vascular plants that only use spores

fern and fern allies

vascular plants that use seeds

seed plant

if the seeds are found in cones

gymnosperms (conifers, gingko)

if the seeds are found in fruits

angiosperms (flowering plants)

the angiosperm has one seed leaf (cotyledon)

monocotyledon (monocots)

monocot

grass, corn, sugarcane

the angiosperm has two seed leaves (cotyledon)

dicotyledon (dicots)

dicots

roses, oak tree, peas

not plants

coral, mushroom, fungi

three basic parts of most plants

roots, leaves, stem

node

point of the stem where the leaf is attatched

internode

part of the stem between nodes

petiole

stalk that connects the leaf to the stem

shoot

leaves and stem together

tendril

type of shoot

leaf succulent

type of shoot

lowest point of the root

area of cell division / root cap

middle area of the root

area of elongation

top of the root

area of maturation / root hair

area of cell division

increase number of cells

area of elongation

increase size of cells

area of maturation

cells develop specialized functions

types of root systems

taproot and fibrous

taproot

primary root growing downward, extra from the side

fibrous

no main root, always going down

4 basic parts of a flower

sepal, petal, stamen, carpel

sepal

usually green leaves that enclose a flower bud

petals

colorful, fragrant leaves attract pollinators

stamen

male reproductive plant part

parts of the stamen

anther and filament

anther

has pollen pacs

filament

upholds the anther

carpal (pistil)

female reproductive plant part

parts of the carpel (pistil)

stigma, style, ovary

stigma

sticky surface where pollen lands

stye

long tube that connects stigma and ovary

ovary

structure at bottom of carpel that contains ovules

fruits

have a core, have seeds, botanical

vegetables

no core, no seeds, culinary

plant bodies

less complex organs, growth at certain areas

animal bodies

more complex organs, entire body grows and certain amount of growth

lifespan of annuals

one year

lifespan of biennials

two years

lifespan of perennials

more than two years

first Lifestage

juvenile/childhood- developing, growing

second lifestage

adulthood- fully developed, able to reproduce

types of stems

herbaceous and woody

herbaceous

usually green, smooth, flexible, annuals, biennials, perennials

woody

bark, brown, rough, inflexible, perennials

levels of biological organization

cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

hooke

coined the term "cell"

van leeuwenhoek

first person to see living cells under microscope

shleiden said

all plants are made of cells

schwann said

all animals are made of cells

virchow said

cells come from pre-existing cells/ father of pathology

cell theory

cell is the basic unit of life, all living things are made of cells, cells come from pre-existing cells

organelles

structures within cells that have specific function

cell wall

exterior most part of the plant cell, unique to plant cells, made of cellulose

plasma membrane

interior to cell wall, semi-permable

cytoplasm

jelly-like substance surrounding the organelles

cytosol

liquid part of the cytoplasm

nucleus

contains DNA, double membranes

central vacuole

storage area(water, acid, waste), contains cell sap, surrounded by the tonoplast

types of plastids

pro plastid, chloroplast, chromoplast

pro plastid

most basic type of plastid, found in meristems

chloroplast

associated with photosynthesis, green chlorophyll

chromoplast

reddish-orange pigment

mitochondrion

energy generation, number varies by cell

types of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

rough ER and smooth ER

rough ER

attached ribosomes

smooth ER

no ribosomes, makes lipids

ribosomes

makes proteins

microtubules and microfilaments

associated with cytoskeleton, transportation

intercellular spaces

spaces between cells, gas exchange, often found in mature plant parts

parenchyma cells

has primary cell wall, living at maturity, ass. with meristematic areas/ ex. apple

collenchyma cells

has primary cell wall, thickened at the corners, living at maturity/ ex. celery

sclerenchyma cells

has a primary cell wall and secondary cell wall, dead at maturity

types of sclerenchyma cells

fibers and sclereids

types of tissues

epidermis and vascular tissue

epidermis

outermost layer of plant parts

located in epidermis tissue

cuticle, stomata, guard cells, trichomes

cuticle

waxy coating on the epidermis

stomata

openings for gas exchange

guard cells

pair of cells surrounding stomata that controls its opening/closing

trichomes

hairlike projections on plant surfaces

located in vascular tissues

xylem and phloem

xylem

towards the back, transports water

phloem

towards the inside, transports sugar/nutrients

stomata on leaves

more stomata on the lower leaf surface than the upper leaf surface

mesophyll

Interior leaf tissue containing chloroplasts.

palisade mesophyll

columns rich in chloroplast

spongy mesophyll

lots of open spaces for gas exchange

early/spring wood

more water, wider band, larger cells that aren't densely packed, lighter color

late/summer wood

less water, narrow band, smaller cells that are densely packed, darker color

sapwood

outer portion, still conducts water, lighter in color

heartwood

darker in color, innermost portion does not conduct water, has antimicrobial compounds