AP WORLD: UNIT 3

What defines a Gunpowder Empire?

Empires that used cannons and gunpowder weapons for military expansion and control.

What led to the rise of Gunpowder Empires?

Military innovation, centralized authority, and taxation to fund armies and bureaucracy.

Which three major Islamic Empires are considered Gunpowder Empires?

The Ottoman Empire, the Safavid Empire, and the Mughal Empire.

What was the Ghazi ideal?

A Turkic warrior tradition upheld by the Gunpowder Empires.

Who founded the Timurid Dynasty?

Timur (Tamerlane) in the 14th century.

What significant event marked the beginning of Ottoman expansion?

The conquest of Constantinople by Sultan Mehmed II in 1453.

What was Suleiman the Magnificent known for?

He marked the Ottoman Empire's Golden Age through military expansion and cultural achievements.

What was the significance of Abbas the Great in the Safavid Empire?

He reformed the military and marked the Golden Age of the Safavid Empire.

What were the causes of the Ottoman-Safavid War (1623-1639)?

Land disputes, power struggles, and the Sunni vs. Shia Islam divide.

What is the Sunni-Shia Islam split?

A division within Islam regarding the rightful succession of leadership after Muhammad's death.

What role did religion play in the administration of empires?

Empires used religion to legitimize their rule and maintain control over their populations.

What was the purpose of the Ottoman Devshirme system?

To create a loyal class of soldiers and administrators from Christian boys in the Balkans.

What was the Janissary Corps?

An elite class of soldiers in the Ottoman Empire, trained through the Devshirme system.

What was the Protestant Reformation?

A 16th-century movement that challenged the authority of the Roman Catholic Church.

Who was Martin Luther?

A German priest who initiated the Protestant Reformation with his 95 Theses.

What are indulgences in the context of the Catholic Church?

Permissions granted by the Church for the temporal punishments of sins already forgiven.

What was the Counter-Reformation?

The Catholic Church's movement to reform itself and combat the spread of Protestantism.

What are the 95 Theses?

A list of propositions written by Martin Luther in 1517 challenging Church practices.

What is Anglicanism?

A Western Christian tradition that developed from the Church of England after the English Reformation.

Who was Henry VIII?

The King of England known for his role in the English Reformation and the establishment of the Church of England.

What was the Inquisition?

A series of Catholic Church tribunals aimed at combating heresy from the 12th to the 19th century.

What characterized the Ottoman Empire's military strategy?

The use of mobility and firepower through artillery and cannons.

What was the significance of the Taj Mahal?

A monumental architecture example that showcased the wealth and authority of the Mughal Empire.

What was the role of architecture in land-based empires?

To display legitimacy, religious devotion, and central authority.

What was the impact of the Protestant Reformation on Christianity?

It led to a major split in Christianity and the establishment of various Protestant denominations.

What was the relationship between the Safavid Empire and Shia Islam?

The Safavid Empire embraced Shia Islam as its state religion.

What were the main characteristics of the Mughal Empire?

A multi-ethnic state that utilized gunpowder technology for conquest and control.

Who were the Jesuits?

A religious order of clerics regular of pontifical right for men in the Catholic Church, headquartered in Rome.

What was the Council of Trent?

The Roman Catholic Church's formal response to the Protestant Reformation.

What was the Tokugawa Shogunate?

A feudal military government in Japan that transferred power from daimyos to the Shogun.

What role did the Shogun play in the Tokugawa Shogunate?

The Shogun was the military leader who held actual power, controlling the samurai.

What was the status of the samurai during the Tokugawa period?

The samurai became an elite military class with bureaucratic roles after peace was established.

What was the tribute system?

A system reflecting nomadic life, used by Chinese minister states for tax collection.

What were tax farmers in the Ottoman Empire?

Individuals who bought the rights to collect taxes, often leading to peasant revolts.

What was the Ming Dynasty's approach to tax collection?

They switched to silver taxes due to the influx of American silver and reintroduced the Civil Service exam.

Who were the zamindars in India?

Powerful landowners who controlled land, collected taxes, and maintained local power.

What was a major consequence of the Protestant Reformation?

It shattered Europe's religious unity and led to significant political changes.

What were the causes of the Protestant Reformation?

Church corruption, the Gutenberg printing press, humanism, and support from early reformers.

What was the Diet of Worms?

A council where Martin Luther refused to retract his statements against the Catholic Church.

What was the impact of Martin Luther's teachings on women's rights?

He believed women should read the Bible to their children, leading to increased female literacy.

Who was John Calvin?

A French theologian who broke away from the Catholic Church and established a reformed community in Geneva.

What is predestination in Calvinism?

The belief that it is already decided whether a person will go to heaven or hell.

What were the Huguenots?

French Calvinist Protestants who faced persecution and influenced the Puritans in England.

What was the Anglican Church?

The church established by Henry VIII after he broke from the Catholic Church to annul his marriage.

What reforms did Peter the Great implement in the Orthodox Church?

He abolished the patriarch and replaced it with a Holy Synod, integrating church and state.

What tactics were used in the Inquisition?

Dark and torturous methods to punish heretics.

What was the role of Jesuits during the Counter-Reformation?

They engaged in missionary activities to spread Catholic beliefs globally.

What was the Index of Prohibited Books?

A list created by the Catholic Church to ban Protestant books and Bibles.

What are Gunpowder Empires?

Empires like the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal that used firearms to conquer and control territories.

What is the significance of the nobility in early modern Europe?

They were the hereditary class with political power and land ownership, often challenged by centralizing monarchs.

Who were the Janissaries?

An elite corps of slave-soldiers in the Ottoman Empire, loyal to the Sultan and the first standing army to use firearms.

What is the difference between Sunni and Shi'a Islam?

Sunni Islam believes the caliph should be chosen by the community, while Shi'a Islam believes leadership should be through Muhammad's family.

What is the main belief of Shi'a Islam regarding leadership?

Shi'a Muslims believe that the leader (Imam) should be a descendant of the Prophet Muhammad's son-in-law, Ali.

Which empire was established as a predominantly Shi'a state?

The Safavid Empire (Persia/Iran).

What does the Divine Right of Kings doctrine assert?

It asserts that a monarch's authority comes directly from God, not from the people or an elected body.

What is Absolutism in the context of early modern Europe?

A form of government where the monarch holds complete and unrestricted power over their realm, often justified by the Divine Right of Kings.

Who were the Zamindars in the Mughal Empire?

Aristocratic landholders who were initially local tax collectors and later became a hereditary landed elite.

What are Tax Farmers in the context of early modern governance?

Private individuals who paid the government a set amount for the right to collect taxes in a specific area, often leading to abuses and corruption.

What policy did the Tokugawa Shogunate use to control the daimyo?

The 'alternate attendance' (sankin-kōtai) policy, requiring daimyo to spend every other year at the capital.

Who were the Samurai in Japan?

The military nobility and officer caste who served the daimyo and followed a code of conduct known as bushido.

What city did Tsar Peter the Great establish in 1703?

St. Petersburg, built as Russia's 'Window to the West.'

Why was the Anglican Church created?

It was created by King Henry VIII in the 1530s primarily because the Pope refused to annul his marriage.

Who is credited with sparking the Protestant Reformation?

Martin Luther, through his challenge to the Catholic Church in 1517.

What were Indulgences in the Catholic Church?

Certificates sold by the Church believed to reduce the time an individual's soul would spend in Purgatory.

What is Secularism?

The principle of separation of the state from religious institutions, focusing on worldly matters rather than spiritual ones.

What was the role of the Inquisition?

A powerful office within the Catholic Church established to combat heresy, known for its harsh methods.

What is a Heretic?

A person holding religious beliefs contrary to the accepted doctrine of the church, often subject to persecution.

What was the Thirty Years' War?

One of the longest and most destructive conflicts in European history, initially a religious conflict that evolved into a political one.

What did the Peace of Westphalia establish?

It ended the Thirty Years' War and established the modern concept of state sovereignty.

What is Shariah?

A comprehensive Islamic legal and ethical framework based on the Qur'an and the Sunnah, covering various aspects of life.

What is Sikhism?

A monotheistic religion founded in the Punjab region of India in the 15th century, blending elements of Islam and Hinduism.

What epistemological theory asserts that knowledge comes from sensory experience?

Empiricism, promoted by figures like Francis Bacon during the Scientific Revolution.