Exercise Physiology Review

LDL vs HDL and healthy ranges

LDL: Low-density lipoprotein

• Bad cholesterol

• <100 mg/dL

HDL: High-density lipoprotein

• Good cholesterol

• >60 mg/dL

Lactate Threshold values as a % of VO2max for Untrained, Trained, and Elite Athletes.

• Untrained: 50-60%

• Trained: 70-80%

• Elite: >85-90%

Blood Lactate concentration at Rest and Lactate Threshold

• Rest: 1.0 mmol/L

• LT: 2.0 - 4.0 mmol/L

Respiratory Exchange Ratio Definition and Ranges

Ratio of CO2 produced to O2 consumed.

• ~0.7: Fat

• ~1.0: Carbs

• >1.0: High-intensity Anaerobic Effort

VO2max Training Zones (5)

• 50-65%: Light/moderate (fat burning)

• 65-75%: Aerobic Endurance

• 75-85%: Lactate threshold (tempo runs)

• 85-95%: Anaerobic threshold / VO2max training

• >95%": Maximal Intensity efforts (intervals)

Sedentary vs. Elite VO2max Range (ml/kg/min)

• Sedentary: 30-40 ml/kg/min

• Elite: 50-75+ ml/kg/min

Creatine Kinase and significance in blood

Muscle Enzyme that catalyzes energy production in the ATP-PCr pathway.

Elevated CK in blood is associated with heart attack, muscular dystrophy, and other skeletal muscle pathologies.

Phosphocreatine

A high-energy compound stored locally in muscles that regenerates ATP during short, explosive activities. Gives a phosphate group to ADP to create ATP.

Does not generate lactate as a byproduct (alactic).

EPOC

Excessive Post-exercise Oxygen Consumption is the elevated O2 consumption even after exercise cessation that helps restore the body to its resting state and removes lactate.

Lactate (and what can use it as fuel)

Byproduct of anaerobic glycolysis and a key marker of aerobic endurance performance.

Can be used as fuel by heart, liver, and slow-twitch fibers.

PaO2 at Sea Level and in Arteries

Partial Pressure of O2

• Sea Level: 21% // 159 mmHg

• Arteries: 100 mmHg

Most Common Lever in Human Body

3rd Class Lever

Effort is between the load and the fulcrum (e.g. biceps curl).

Hydrolysis

The breakdown of ATP via Water to release energy.

Substrate

A substance used in metabolic reactions to produce energy (e.g. Glucose, fatty Acids, Amino Acids).

ATP yield from Anaerobic Glycolysis, Aerobic Glycolysis, and Beta-Oxidation

• Anaerobic: 2 ATP per glucose

• Aerobic: 36-38 ATP per glucose

• Beta-Oxidation: 100+ ATP per fatty acid

Oxygen Deficit

The lag in O2 consumption at the onset of exercise.

Replenishment Time for ATP, PCr, and Glycogen.

• ATP: ~3-5 min

• PCr: ~8 min

• Glycogen: 24-48 hours

EDV vs ESV and Stroke Volume

• End Diastolic Volume

  • volume of blood in L Ventricle at end of diastole/relaxation

  • aka preload

• End Systolic Volume

  • volume of blood in L Ventricle at end of systole/contraction

SV = EDV - ESV

What happens to Calcium during muscle relaxation?

Calcium is able to move into the sarcoplasmic reticulum (like reloading prior to another contraction).

Summation

Principle of muscle contraction which state that the convergence of multiple stimuli can lead to stronger contraction.