Philosophy 1st MT

Thales

first noted philosopher in western history. He said that everything is related to each other because everything

that exists contains water.

Socrates

"Father of Western Philosophy.”

Plato

the preeminent Greek philosopher,his Dialogues and for creating his Academy north of Athens, which is widely regarded as the world's first university. PHILOSOPHICAL THEORY - THALES AND PYTHAGORAS SCHOOLS

Aristotle

inventor of methodical, scientific inquiry in literally every field of human knowledge, and was dubbed "the man who knew everything" by his contemporaries CRITIQUE THE WORK OF OTHER PHILOSOPHERS IN A SYSTEMATIC WAY

Socrates

focuses on ethics rather than studying

the natural world.

“pilosopo”

refer to someone who asks a lot of questions,

many of which are judged as nonsense or out-of-this-world.

Philos

and/or philien, means love

Sophia

means wisdom

philos-sophia

love of wisdom

Piekoff

said that philosophy is a comprehensive view of reality.

objectivism

Ayn Rand’s philosophical system of ideas, divided into five branches

Metaphysics

Man's relationship to the universe is Reality.

Epistemology

Man's relationship with his mind is Reason.

Ethics

Man's relationship with himself is Self-Interest.

Politics

Man's relationship among each other is Capitalism/Society.

Aesthetics

Man's relationship with beauty is Romantic Realism.

examined life

plato’s concept, preparation is required before one can begin philosophizing

wonder

first step; philosophical inquiry, by looking at the world around and inquiring about its origins, nature, and functions

reflect

divided into two

primary reflection

breaks ideas into categories

secondary reflection

unites ideas into a whole

evaulate

formulate an argument, evaluate its validity

dogmatic individual

• intolerance of ambiguity, defensive cognitive closure, rigid certainty, compartmentalization, and limited personal insight

• is sheltered in a hard-unbreakable shell of identity or closed-minded.

• is convinced that only the things he/she believes are true.

• thinks of his “truths” as permanently true without verifying, questioning or reflecting on them.

philosophical person

• manifest tolerance, self-corrective, constructs knowledge with others, and does not consider himself/herself as the holder of truth

• is on a free-flowing stream in accepting ideas, responding peacefully, and pacifying the situation.

• thinks holistically and mitigates the unpleasant situation.

• accepts, verifies, questions, reflects the opinion of others, and meets halfway to solve the problem.

Critical thinking

best possible way of determining which statements are based on truth and which statements are based on opinion

true

verified in the natural world

knowledge

SOURCE OF TRUTH; clear awareness that something is based on reality, simply what we know

facts

SOURCE OF TRUTH; statements which are truthful and certain, something that has occurred or proven

claim

SOURCE OF TRUTH; statement that is not immediately known to be true, needs to be proven by verification and experimentation

claim of fact

something that has existed and will exist

claim of value

asserts judgment whether it is good or bad, more or less

claim of policy

something that should be done or should not be done

opinion

a statement of judgment of a person about something in the world. NEED OF JUSTIFICATION

opinion

• personal view/thought

• cannot be proven

• based on thoughts, feelings, and understanding

• what someone thinks, feels, and believes

truth

• actuality of events

• can be verified with evidence

• based on facts, events, and happenings

• tells on specific info about a person, place, or thing

• checked thru experiment and observation

• has numbers, dates, or ages

source

EVALUATING OPINIONS; knowing the origin of the material

Reliability

EVALUATING AN OPINION; Credibility is also required when checking the accuracy of the person giving the opinion.

Purpose

EVALUATING AN OPINION; Identify the main reason why the opinion is given. Evaluate if it is intended to inform or persuade.

Bias

EVALUATING AN OPINION: prejudice in favor of or against one person, thing or group compared with another, usually in a way considered to be unfair.

Assumption

EVALUATING OPINIONS: ideas that one accepts as facts but makes no effort to prove it.

Philosophizing

➢ to think or express in a philosophical manner

➢ discusses an issue or topic from a philosophical standpoint

➢ to reason out, conceptualize, grasp mentally, intellectualize

Phenomenology

reality is made up of events to be perceived by human consciousness

edmund husserl

father of phenomenology TRUTH IS DEPENDENT ON THE HUMAN MIND, WHICH HAS A CONSCIOUSNESS FACULTY

immanuel kant

german philosopher

existentialism

truth is a by-product of rational choice, man is viewed as a free agent and is capable of making choices; man has free will to decide his reality

jean paul sartre

french philosopher EXISTENCE PRECEDES ESSENCES

soren kierkegaard

father of existentialism

logical and critical thinking

study of correct thinking which focuses on the analysis of arguments

aristotle

father of logic

parmenides

ancient philosopher; logos as the means of truth

thales

ancient philosopher; used deductive reasoning in geometry

fallacies

based on faulty and incorrect reasoning; used to convince people

ad hominem

attack against person

ad misericordiam

appeal to pity and emotion

ad populum

appeal to people

ad baculum

appeal to force