1 - Musculoskeletal System

Bursae

 Sacs that are enclosed and have small

amount of lubricating fluid in them

 Located wherever a tendon passes over

bone or muscle, a muscle passes over a

bone, or a ligament passes over another

structure

Endochondral bone growth (length)

Growth of long bones

Intramembranous growth (thickness)

Growth of flat bones

What are osteophytes?

• Bones spurs that develop at the margins of the arthritic joint

• Interfere with joint movement

• Can break off and lodge in the joint synovitis

OA in the PIPs

Bouchard’s nodes

OA in the DIPs

Heberden’s nodes

Osteocyte

bone cell

Osteoblast

cells that build new bone

Osteoclast

reabsorb (breakdown) bone

Genu valgum

Inward curve of the knees (knees touching)

Genu varum

Outward curve of the knees (bowed legs)

Hallux valgus

bunion

Arthrodesis

jt fusion

Hemiarthroplasty

One-sided jt replacement

Hemarthrosis

bleeding in the joint that causes deterioration of the articular cartilage that leads to arthritis

Meniscectomy

removal of damaged meniscus and fragments floating in the joint​

Osteotomy

cut is made in the bone to realign it to correct a deformity like genu varus

What is the most severe form of muscular dystrophy (MD) and why?

• Duchenne’s dystrophy is the most severe form of MD because it affects children (usually boys between the ages 2 and 5) and often causes the person to need a wheelchair by age 9

• Progresses faster than other forms of MD

• A complete absence of dystrophin compared to the other forms just having limited amounts

What is Gower’s sign?

A series of motions including crawling, tripod position, and walking the hands up the legs to stand erect - this indicates Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy

Grade 1 Sprain

Slight stretching and damage to the fibrils of a ligament

Grade 2 Sprain

Partial ligament tearing; abnormal looseness (laxity) of an affected joint may appear

Grade 3 Sprain

Complete ligament tearing; gross instability of an affected joint appears

Strain Grade 1

Damage to less than 5% of mm fibers

Strain Grade 2

More extensive mm damage but not a complete rupture

Strain Grade 3

Complete rupture of a mm; surgery is required if person wants to continue played sports