EKG pctc

where does deoxygenated blood enter the heart?

the inferior and superior vena cava

what two major spaces does deoxygenated blood travel through in the heart?

the right atrium and right ventricle

where does deoxygenated blood travel out from in the heart?

the right and left pulmonary arteries

where does oxygenated blood flow into the heart?

the right and left pulmonary veins

what two major spaces does oxygenated blood flow through?

the left atrium and left ventricle

where does oxygenated blood flow out of the heart?

the aorta

how does deoxygenated blood turn into oxygenated blood?

it travels through the heart’s right ventricle and atrium, leaves through the left and right pulmonary arteries and goes to the lungs. here, the lungs replace the CO2 with O2, and the blood travels through the pulmonary veins back to the heart as oxygenated blood.

what is the network called that replaces CO2 in blood with O2?

the pulmonary alveolar capillary network

what system is responsible for the pumping action of the heart

the electrical conduction sysstem

what cells control the rate and rhythm of the heart

pacemaker cells

where does the conduction system begin?

sinoatrial (SA) node

where does the impulse travel after the SA node?

intermodel pathway

where does the impulse in the heart end?

the purkinje fibers in the ventricular myocardium.

referring to an obstruction to the myocardial tissue.

myocardial infarction

lack of oxygen-rich blood int he heart

myocardial ischemia (angina)

a term used to refer to any disorder of the heart rate or rhythm

arrhythmia

a tool used to record the electrical activity of the heart

EKG

a device that amplifies electrical impulses and prints a record

electrocardiograph

each lead is marked with a different ___

color and lead number

the right arm lead is ___

white and marked RA

the left arm lead is ____

black and marked LA

the right leg lead is ___

green and marked RL

the left leg lead is ___

red and marked LL

chest leads are normally what color

brown

the V1 chest lead

fourth intercostal space to the right of the sternum

the V2 chest lead

the fourth intercostal space, left of sternum

the V3 chest lead

midway over fourth and fifth intercostal space, halfway between base and sternum

V4

fifth intercostal space, in line with nipple

V5

midway between the nipple and midpoint of axilla

V6

over intercostal space at axilla midpoint

Limb Lead - Lead 1

records electrical activity from right arm to left arm

Limb lead - Lead II

records electrical activity from right arm to left leg

Limb Lead - Lead III

records electrical activity from left arm to left leg

augmented lead - aVR

across heart to right shoulder

augmented lead - aVL

across heart to left shoulder

augmented lead - aVF

across heart towards feet

the V chest leads record what?

activity between the center of the heart and the chest wall where the V lead is placed

the horizontal line on the electrocardiogram measures what

time

the vertical line on the electrocardiogram measures what

amplitude or voltage

a straight line on the ECG that illustrates resting state of myocardial cells, also shows the beginning and ending point of waves

the isoelectric line

the firing of what represents the “P” wave

the SA node

what kind of polarization does the p wave represent?

the depolarization of the right and left atria

what does a P wave look like?

a smooth, upward deflection around .1 second in length

the PR interval represents _

the time the impulse travels from the SA node, through the atria, to the ventricles

the “Q” of the QRS complex

deflects down from the baseline

the “R” of the QRS complex

an upward deflection after the Q wave that depicts a patient’s heart rate

the “S” of the QRS wave

a downward deflection following R

how long is the QRS complex time-wise?

under 0.12 seconds

what occurs during the ST segment, polarity-wise?

the ventricles are depolarized and repolarization begins

the T wave looks like

a slightly asymmetrical rounded wave

what does the T wave indicate?

repolarization or recovery phase of ventricles

what is known as the resting phase of the cardiac cycle?

the T wave

the five steps in analyzing an ECG

heart rate, regularity, P-waves, QRS complex, P-R interval

normal heart rate

60-100 bpm

tachycardic heart rate

over 100 bpm

bradycardic heart rate

under 60 bpm

what is the only heart rate method that can be used on an irregular rhythm?

6 X 10

the most accurate way of measuring heart rate that can only be used on regular rhythm

the 1500 method

describe the 1500 method

count the number of squares between R-waves and divide number by 1500

counting the QRS complexes gives you what measurement?

the ventricular rate

counting the P waves determines what measurement?

the atrial rate

how to measure regularity?

measure distance between all R waves. if they are the same, then the rhythm is regular.

what is total irregularity?

no consistency inbetween R waves

what condition may show as total irregularity?

a-fib

what is partial irregularity?

where the irregularity repeats over and over

what condition may present as patterned irregularity?

AV-heart blocks

if you have more P waves than QRS complexes…

AV heart block

normal QRS complexes should be….

0.6-0.12 seconds

what is this

normal sinus rhythm

what is this

sinus dysrhythmia

what is this

premature atrial complexes

what is this

wandering atrial pacemaker

describe sinus dysrhythmia

comes from an irregular heart rate

describe premature atrial complexes

p waves will appear different than those of underlying rhythm

describe wandering atrial pacemaker

slightly irregular, p waves continuously changing

describe supraventricular tachycardia

p waves cannot be identified, PR interval is absent

pulseless electrical activity

sinus rhyhm EKG but no pulse

any electrical activity that is non-cardiac in origin and represents unwanted marks

artifact