period 2 APUSH quiz

2

Europeans developed a variety of colonization and migration patterns, influenced by different imperial goals, cultures, and the varied North American environments where they settled, and they competed with each other and American Indians for resources.

- Spanish, French, Dutch, and British colonizers had different economic and imperial goals involving land and labor that shaped the social and political development of their colonies as well as their relationships with native populations.

- In the 17th century, early British colonies developed along the Atlantic coast, with regional differences that reflected various environmental, economic, cultural, and demographic factors.

- Competition over resources between European rivals and American Indians encouraged industry and trade and led to conflict in the Americas

Puritans/Congregationalists

puritanism developed in england 16th century, thought church of England kept too many elements of Catholicism via rituals and doctrines(no pope/hierarchy)and wanted to purify church, but they still shared many beliefs of the church of england and english society so they were congregationalists too. Believed in self study of the bible and predestination. Puritanism was embedded in government, family dynamics,

Predestination

puritan belief that God has already, before the creation of the world, decided who will be saved and who will be damned

"city upon a hill"

in sermon by john winthrop, idea of a society that serves as a moral example for others, founded on shared religious and civic values and visible for all to see

Pilgrims

puritan separatists who broke off from the Church of England and sailed to the Americas via the Mayflower, founding Plymouth colony in 1620

Wampanoags

chief was Massasoit who united many tribes into the Wampanoags, a powerful tribe in Mass, allied with the pilgrims and helped them farm for protection in return, becoming intermediaries between English and other native tribes,

Mayflower Compact

doc signed in 1620 aboard the Mayflower that committed the pilgrim men to majority-rule-government, so puritans and strangers could agree on just and equal laws

Massachusetts Bay

est. in 1630 by london merchants, 21000 puritans immigrated(great migration) where pop grew rapidly and overshadowed other American colonies. Investors eventually came over and formed a government(exclusive).

Pequot War

Pequots were in long island and conn river valley so they traded with dutch, and used that alliance to force Narrangansetts and Mohegans to trade via them. Then Narrangansetts and Mohegans used their alliance with Mass Bay to fight Pequots in 1630's, pequots killed/enslaved, showing English power.

Dissenters

"liberty to keep away from us", high and mighty puritans who banished ppl, protestants who belonged to denominations other than the established church

Rhode Island

est. by Roger Williams who wanted religious freedom and separation of church+state, home for dissenters and Jews, ex. Anne Hutchinson. The government was more democratic.

Half-Way Covenant

1662 Mass Bay, addressed the problem of strict Puritan rules that stopped people from being baptized and gave halfway membership to church for grandchildren of those from the great migration.

3

- The British government increasingly attempted to incorporate its North American colonies into a coherent, hierarchical, and imperial structure in order to pursue mercantilist economic aims, but conflicts with colonists and American Indians led to erractic enforcement of imperial policies.

- The goals and interests of European leaders and colonists at times diverged, leading to a growing mistrust on both sides of the Atlantic. Colonists, especially in British North America, expressed dissatisfaction over issues including territorial settlements, frontier defense, self-rule, trade, and perceived corruption in the imperial system.

English liberty

a set of historically and culturally specific political privileges and rights that English citizens had, not really in American colonies, to be a unique inheritance of the English people

King Philip's War

1675-76, Wampanoag and allies(led by Philip/Metacom) launched attacks on settlers whose farms were taking over Native land, very violently, destroying towns and slaughtering. War ended when Philip was killed, but by then most natives were pushed out, dead, or enslaved, giving Colonists more land.

Mercantilism

governments should regulate econ activity so as to promote national power, encourage manufacturing and commerce(trade) in the colonies so England could profit

Navigation Acts

passed by English Parliament in 1651, aimed to wrest control of world trade from Dutch to trade with all parts of the world and empires so all colonies good went through England ports and ppl, rise in shipbuilding.

New York

ruled by Prince James of England, respecting the diff religious beliefs of their many ethnic communities, became an important imperial outpost and seaport trading spot, so population and diversity grew, and worked with Haudenosaunee.

Pennsylvania

est 1681, given to William Penn to rule, a place where those who were religiously persecuted could enjoy religious freedom and refuge for congregationalists/Puritans, and coexist w Natives. Was "holy experiment" w equality(gender + race), liberty, and individual conscience, no est church, but strict moral code.

William Penn

was a Quaker, strong belief in religious freedom(in christianity), made West Jersey concessions(frame of govt) where elected assembly could est religious liberty. Treated indians with respect

Quakers

religious group in England who believed in "inner light"/ spirit, liberty and equality for all, pacifists(unarmed), and kept peace with Natives.

Bacon's Rebellion

unsuccessful 1676 revolt led by planter Nathaniel Bacon against elite and British Gov of Virginia William Berkley's admin(corrupted land grants and fueled poverty)

slave codes

laws for rights and duties for enslaved people, regarding the Atlantic slave trade and chattel slavery in the Americas.

English Bill of Rights

enacted 1689, parliament had power to control taxes and rights of individuals, and giving trial by jury

English Toleration Act

enacted 1689, allowed protestant dissenters (not catholic) to worship freely, although only anglicans could hold public office.

Salem Witch Trials

began when several young girls have fits and nightmares, attributed by their elders to witchcraft. Then 3 witches were named but everyone was accusing each other of being a witch in Salem, so 19 people were hanged.

Mestizos

spanish word for mixed people, with both native and spanish parents, growing population in South America

Scots-Irish and German immigrants

biggest pop of migrants(who willingly came) to colonies bc lots were religiously persecuted in Germany where different places had different sects of Christianity(Lutheran, Protestant, Catholic).

Backcountry

area stretching from central PA south via Shenandoah Valley VA to upland NC/SC, most rapidly growing region bc of farms. Lots of skilled workers and merchants came for econ freedom.

port cities

like Boston, NYC, Philly, and Charleston, caused by expansion of trade bc gathering place for agricultural goods, and imported items to be distributed.

staple crops

cash crops like tobacco and rice produced from southern plantations, for the world market, planters made so much money because of free labor from servants and became rulers of colonies like PA and MD.

4

Colonists' resistance to imperial control drew on local experiences of self-government, evolving ideas of liberty, the political thought of the Enlightenment, greater religious independence and diversity, and an ideology critical of perceived corruption in the imperial system

Atlantic slave trade

18th century, business where european merchants, african traders, and american planters imported Africans to do forced labor, fueled by demand for crops from Americas.

triangle trade

trading routes that criss-crossed the Atlantic, bringing manufactured goods to Africa and Americas, slaves to Americas, and raw goods to Europe.

Middle Passage

transatlantic voyage to bring manufactured goods to Africa, slaves to Americas, and raw goods to Europe, many died.

Stono Rebellion

September 1739, a group of SC slaves that were previously soilders seized weapons in the town of Stono and got a group together to march towards Florida, killing whites, burning houses and barns, wanting liberty

Republicanism

celebrated active participation in public life by econ independent citizens as the essence of liberty. Only considered property owning citizens to have virtue, public liberty.

John Locke

philosopher who wrote the 2 treaties in 1689 supporting the enlightenment, liberal, wanted a social contract where men surrendered a part of their control to enjoy rule of law while still having natural rights(liberty).

colonial assemblies

elected representative legislative bodies in American colonies that managed local affairs, members were out of touch with their constituents, controlled british govs, only the elite class where in it

salutary neglect

informal british policy in the early 18th cen that allowed colonies freedom to pursue their economic and political interests(to self-gov) in exchange for colonial obedience

colonial press

american colonies had printing presses during the 18th cen, which increased the amount of political broadsides and pamphlets at election time. This spread knowledge and the ability to read and write throughout the colonies.

Enlightenment

during the long 18th, to apply the scientific method of careful investigation on every aspect of life. These ideals crossed the Atlantic and educated Americans took on these philosophies(from French/British) like reason, natural laws, along with Deism ex. Ben Franklin.

Benjamin Franklin

American intellectual, scientist, musician, Deist and Enlightenment thinker, politician, ambassador, inventor, and politician He helped to negotiate French support for the American Revolution.

Deism

w enlightenment, belief that God withdrew after creating the world, leaving it to function according to scientific laws without divine intervention, ex. Ben Franklin, Tom Jefferson, the best way was to study nature not worship in church.

Great Awakening and impacts

religious revival movement from 1730's-40's that spread throughout colonies by Jonathan Edwards/ George Whitefield, to make religion more emotional and personal, equal and diverse instead of established churches. Congregationalists split into new and old, and new sects came all for religious freedom and natural rights, questioning all authorities.