Lesson 2.0 Variables

What is the root word of variables?

Vary (change)

They are changing qualities or characteristics in research.

Variables

They are factors or properties that the researcher measures, observe, control and or manipulates.

Variables

Classifications of Variables:

1. Numeric

2. Categorical

3. Experimental

4. Non-experimental

A variable that answers the question “how many” or “how much.” It represents variables with values that describe a numerical quantity.

Numeric Variable

Classification of Numeric Variables:

1. Discrete

2. Continuous

Also known as an interval variable. Data is infinite. It can assume any value between a certain set of real numbers.

Examples: time, age, weight, and height.

Continuous Variable

Data can be counted in a finite manner. These variables assume any whole number within the limits of a given variable.

Examples: The number of the registered car in Navotas City, the population of grade 12 students, the number of Covid19 survivors, and the total population of Senior citizens in Barangay Tangos.

Discrete Variable

From the root word, “category” categorical variables are variables with values that describe the quality or characteristics of a given data. It describes categories or groups.

Categorical Variable

Kinds of Categorical Variable:

1. Ordinal Variables

2. Nominal Variables

3. Dichotomous Variables

4. Polychotomous Variables

Variables with the value which can be logically arranged, ranked, or ordered.

Examples: Academic grades – with honors, with high honors, with the highest honors

Clothing size – extra small (xs), small (s), medium (m), large (l)

Ordinal variables

Variables with the value which cannot be logically arranged, ranked, or ordered.

Examples: Religion, Colors, Languages, Subjects

Nominal variables

Variables that represent only two categories.

Example: Sex – Male and Female; Veracity – True or False

Dichotomous variables

Variables that have many categories

Examples: Level of Performance – good, very good, poor, satisfactory Colors – red, pink, blue, green

Polychotomous variables

They describe the factors that differ between the sample being tested and the sample being controlled.

Experimental variables

Kinds of Experimental Variable:

1. Independent

2. Dependent

3. Extraneous

Variable that the researcher manipulates in an experiment or research. The independent variable is the variable that is different between the groups compared.

Example: A study on learning styles of Grade 12 students at Navotas City and its effect on their Academic Performance.

Independent variables

These are the variables affected by the manipulation of the independent variable. It is sometimes called the predicted variable.

Example: A study on learning styles of Grade 12 students at Navotas City and its effect on their Academic Performance

Dependent variables

Also known as Intervening Variable. These are variables that the researcher does not include in the study but are present in the environment where the research is to be conducted and may affect or influence the conduct of the study.

Example: A study on learning styles of Grade 12 students at Navotas City and its effect on their Academic Performance.

Extraneous variables

Type of research that does not involve the manipulation of control or independent variable where in researchers measure variables as they naturally occur without any further manipulation.

Non-experimental variables

Kinds of Non-experimental variable:

1. Predictor variable

2. Criterion variable

A variable that changes the other variable in non-experimental research. Similar to the independent variable in experimental research.

Example: Conduct of Career Orientation Program and Choice of Senior High School Specialization among Grade 10 students.

Predictor Variable

Variable that may be influenced or changed by the predictor variable. Similar to dependent variable in experimental research.

Example: Conduct of Career Orientation Program and Choice of Senior High School Specialization among Grade 10 students.

Criterion Variable