Scalp and Superficial Face Review

A set of flashcards summarizing key concepts regarding the scalp, facial anatomy, and cranial nerves to aid in review and exam preparation.

Scalp

A composite structure covering the calvaria.

Layers of the Scalp

1. Skin 2. Connective tissue 3. Aponeurosis (Epicranial) 4. Loose areolar tissue 5. Pericranium.

Sebaceous Cysts

Obstructed ducts of sebaceous glands in the scalp leading to cyst formation.

Superficial Scalp Lacerations

Cuts involving the first two layers of the scalp resulting in severe bleeding.

Deep Scalp Lacerations

Cuts involving the epicranial aponeurosis leading to gaping due to muscular pull.

Danger area of the scalp

Loose areolar tissue; infections can spread to the cranial cavity.

Cephalhematoma

Bleeding between the pericranium and skull bone during difficult birth.

Occipitofrontalis Muscle

Muscle consisting of frontal and occipital bellies connected by epicranial aponeurosis.

Nerve Supply to Scalp

Branches of the trigeminal nerve and cervical plexus provide sensory innervation.

Facial Nerve (CN VII)

Chief motor nerve for facial expression with various sensory and secretomotor functions.

Frontalis Muscle

Elevates eyebrows and produces transverse forehead wrinkles.

Orbicularis Oculi

Sphincter muscle of the eyelid; assists with closing eyes.

Nasalis Muscle

Has two parts: compressor naris and dilator naris.

Orbicularis Oris

Sphincter muscle of the mouth involved in facial expressions.

Buccinator Muscle

Muscle used for whistling and sucking by forcing cheeks against teeth.

Facial Artery

Chief artery of the face, important for controlling facial bleeding.

Collateral Anastomosis

Connections between internal and external carotid arteries aiding blood supply.

Lymphatic Drainage of Head

Includes preauricular, submandibular, submental, and occipital lymph nodes.

Facial Nerve Injury

Causes facial asymmetry and loss of functions on the same side of the face.

Bell's Palsy

Idiopathic unilateral facial paralysis due to facial nerve damage.

Cranial Nerve Functions

Includes sensory, motor, and parasympathetic functions across different nerves.

Upper Motor Neuron Palsy

Pattern of facial paralysis where the upper third of the face is spared.

Lower Motor Neuron Palsy

Weakness of the entire face on the affected side with noticeable asymmetry.

Zygomatic Branches (CN VII)

Supply muscles of the upper lip and nose.

Temporal Branches (CN VII)

Supply muscles of the forehead and temple.

Marginal Mandibular Branch (CN VII)

Supplies muscles of the lower lip.

Cervical Branch (CN VII)

Supplies the platysma muscle.

Great Auricular Nerve

Branch of cervical plexus supplying sensations to the external ear.

Lesser Occipital Nerve

Transmits sensory information from the posterior scalp area.

Great Superficial Petrosal Nerve

Carries preganglionic parasympathetic fibers to various glands.

Chorda Tympani

Carries taste fibers from the anterior two thirds of the tongue.

Taste Sensation

Carried by facial nerve fibers from anterior tongue.

Eyebrow Movement

Facilitated by the frontalis, which elevates the eyebrows.

Dry Eye Condition

Unable to lubricate the eye due to facial nerve dysfunction.

Corneal Blink Reflex

Testing sensory and motor function of the eyelid closure.

Eyelid Eversion

Drooping of the lower eyelid indicating a nerve injury.

Affect on Chewing

Classically results from weakness in the muscles due to facial nerve damage.

Superficial and Deep Infections

Deep infections can lead to serious complications like abscesses.

Transverse Facial Artery

Branch of the superficial temporal artery supplying the face.

Facial Canal

Path of the facial nerve when it runs within the temporal bone.

Genu of Facial Nerve

Location where sensory and taste fibers make a bend within the facial nerve.

Neuralgias Associated with CN V

Trigeminal neuralgia involves intense pain due to nerve irritation.

Cranial Nerves Overview

Includes twelve pairs with specific sensory and motor functions.

Stylohyoid Muscle Innervation

Received from the facial nerve, aiding in swallowing.

Taste Bud Locations

Anterior 2/3 of tongue receives taste fibers from facial nerve.

External Acoustic Meatus Sensation

Conveyed through sensory branches of the facial nerve.

Temporal Fossa Location

Lateral to the skull, housing muscles involved in mastication.

Epicranial Aponeurosis

Connects the frontal and occipital muscles of the scalp.

Facial Nerve Regeneration

Nerves can regenerate slowly after injury but may not fully recover.

Muscles of Facial Expression

Develop from the second pharyngeal arch, innervated by CN VII.