BSAA Final-Semester II

What is the plasma membrane? What is its structure? What materials does it regulate in and out of the cell?

Thin sheet that holds the contents of cells together, serves as a protective barrier. Consists of phospholipid bilayer. It brings in carbohydrates and proteins, it pushes out newly made proteins and waste.

What is a plastid? Give an example

An organelle that produces and stores food. EX) chloroplast

What are two types of endoplasmic reticulum? Why is the rough endoplasmic reticulum so named?

Rough ER and Smooth ER. Rough ER- has ribosomes attached to it (why its rough)

What is cell differentiation?

process that allows cells of multicellular plants to take on specific functions

What are types of dermal tissues?

pavement cells, trichomes, guard cells

What are the types of epidermal cells and what are their functions?

Pavement- protection
Guard cells- control the opening/closing of the stomata
Trichomes- reduce water loss

Why are epidermal cells transparent?

Plastids remain small to ALLOW LIGHT TO PASS THROUGH.

How do cork cells of the periderm protect a plant?

Fire retardant, secretewaxy substance, impermeable to gases and water.

What is the function of parenchyma cells?

photosynthesis and storage

what tissue system do parenchyma cells make up?

ground tissue

what tissue system do tracheid cells make up

vascular

what is the function of tracheid cells

water and mineral transport and support

what tissue system consists of xylem and phloem?

vascular

Describe cytoplasm

gel like substance contains organelles

What is a sieve tube member, and what is it a major element of?

Serves as a major element of phloem, transports sugars through plant

During cell division what is the original cell called?

Parent cell

What are the two new cells called?

daughter cells

Why is cell division important?

CELL REPRODUCTION, create more cells and repair damaged ones

What is cytokinesis?

new wall begins to form at the equator of the old spindle

Prophase

Chromosomes become visible, nuclear envelop dissolves, spindle forms

Prometaphase

The second stage of mitosis, in which the nuclear envelope fragments and the spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores of the chromosomes.

Metaphase

phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell

Anaphase

chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell

Telophase

daughter chromatids arrive at poles. nuclear envelope reforms

What are the 3 requirements associated with leaves as photosynthetic organs?

1) leaves must take full advantage of available sunlight
2) contact with vascular tissues, sunlight, CO2

what is the differance between monocot and dicot leaves

dicot- broad, flattened leaf and netted venation
monocot- long, narrow leaves with parallel veins

why are dicot leaves shaped the way they are?

maximum leaf exposure to sunlight

what is a cuticle and why is it important?

a waxy substance secreted by the epidermal cells- important because it covers outer epidermal, reduces water loss

what is the purpose of stomata? What happens if the leaves begin to lose too much water through transpiration

stomata is the tiny pore in the epidermis that regulates the exchange of gases. stomata closes up to reduce water loss.

what is abscission?

the shedding of plant parts

what is the function of a bundle sheath

-regulates the movement of substances
-protects the vascular tissue from exposure to air

what are anthocyanins?

they appear red, purple, or blue depending on ph

what is chlorophyll?

primary pigment involved in photosynthesis and is the most efficient light-capturing pigment

Why does chlorophyll appear green?

absorbs blue+orange/red color and reflects green

why have broad leaf plants evolved to be deciduous?

so there leaves fall off and dont become dehydrated (dessication)

what does a bract do?

a modified leaf lacking axillary buds and different in size, form, and/or color from foliage

what does a bud scale do?

they enclose and protect meristem during winter

what does a tendril do

support the weight of vines

from which tissue does growth of the stem originate?

meristem

which type of cell found in plant stems provide support, are dead at maturity, and have thick secondary cell walls strengthened with deposits of lignin?

sclerenchyma

what is a pith? are they found in monocots?

ground tissue compacted by large thin unwalled parenchyma cells that make up the core of dicot systems, not found in monocots. they store carbohydrates

what is a lenticel?

structure to help exchange gases (similar to stomata)

what is a bulb?

very short, flattened stem that has several fleshy leaves attached to it

what is a rhizome?

a thick underground stem that lays horizantally

what is a tuber?

rhizome with a tip that is swollen and stores food

what does secondary growth involve?

increase of the width of a stem. INVOLVES VASCULAR AND CORK CAMBIUM

which plant tissue produces cells that form the outer bark or periderm?

cork cambium

why is the root cap important?

protects the apical meristem as it pushes through the soil

how do roots sense gravity and direct growth downward?

root caps have columella cells that have organelles called amyloplasts that settle to the lower part of the cell in response to gravity.

what is cell maturation?

cells take on specific functions

what is the purpose of mucigel

-protects the root from drying (desiccation)
-provides lubrication as it pushes through soil

why are root hairs important for plant growth?

-never develop into multi-cell roots
- increases surface area and absorption of water and minerals

as water is absorbed into a root, what is the sequence of tissues through which it passes?

epidermis, cortex, endodermis, pericycle, phloem and xylem. (AKA vascualr tissue)

why is the Casparian strip important?

regualtes flow of water to xylem

which characteristics are associated with monocot root sructure?

Fibrous, no secondary growth, lateral roots, 8-many xylem and phloem groups

which part of the root is where lateral roots originate?

pericycle

plants with this root system are more susceptible to drought, yet often absorb surface fertilizer quickly and show greater benefits from irrigation

fibrous

what is the best description of a healthy root system?

white or nearly white and smells fresh

all of the major food crops are\_______?

angiosperms

what is the function of perianth?

protect the reproductive parts of the flower and attract pollinators

perfect flower

male and female parts in same flower

imperfect flower

flower that is only male or only female

complete flower

A flower that has all four basic floral organs: sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels.

incomplete flower

A flower lacking sepals, petals, stamens, or carpels.

monoecious flower

same flower male and female

dioecious

Having male and female reproductive organs in separate plants or animals

how do dicotyledon and monocotyledon flowers compare?

dicotyledon- 4 or 5 petals
monocotyledon- flower parts in sets of 3

which is a light sensitive pigment that governs different physiological responses?

phytochrome

a plant, such as a soybean, that responds to light duraton is displaying\________?

photo peridisome

why are short-day plants not found growing naturally along the Equator?

because the days are longer

a plant that initiates flower development as the nights grow longer is said to be a \______ plant

short day

how does temperature impact flowering

some plants must experience a period of cold to flower

a field of mature corn, soybean, wheat, or cotton plants represent \_______

sphorophytes

microsporocytes

meiosis, haploid

macrosporocytes

diploid

why would a plant bear small, inconspicuous, and odorless flowers?

relies on wind for pollination

plants with bright colors, provide nectar, have a landing platform attract...

bees

a farmers corn crop has experienced a period of drought and temperatures above 95 degrees during pollination. what results can be expected?

-pollination rates are lower
-have a lower yield

How does the pollen tube grow?

-digest its way through the stigma
-grows down the style to the ovary

why is fertilization of flowering plants unlike that of any other living organisms?

double fertilization

which stage in an angiosperm life cycle would be diploid?

flowering stage

why does a plant put energy into making fruit

protect and spread the seeds (dissemination)

what are the criteria for an element to be considered essential?

-absence of the element results in abnormal growth, injury, or death
-the plant is unable to complete its life cycle without it
-required for plants in general
- no other element can serve as a complete substitute

from where do plants obtain most carbon, hydrogen and oxygen?

water and the atmosphere

nickel, silicon, cobalt, and selenium are considered to be

beneficial elements

chlorosis is usually diagnosed through

visual inspection

how is the occurrence of a plant that develops deficiency symptoms even if only one essential element is misisng or in short supplyy explained?

law of the minimum

stunted and slow growth, yellowing of lower leaves of a plant, and a poor root system are symptoms of \________ deficiency

nitrogen

how does ph impact plant nutrition

most nutrients are available for plants in the ph range of 5.5- 8

technical

technician applied too much fertilizer resulting in nutrient toxicity

what conditions do the best in terms of nutrient availability f0r a crop

- moist soil
- warm soil temps
-soils wiht lots of microorganisms
-not dense

identify the 16 essential elements

C.B. HOPKiNS CaFe Mighty Good Closed Monday Morning Cu Zen

how are nutrient deficiencies and toxicities diagnosed?

1) soil can be tested to determine nutrient level
2) plant tisues

what are the 5 general types of visble deficiency or toxicity symptoms
?

-chlorosis
-necrosis
-accumulation of anthocyanins
- stunted growht
-lack of new groth

what is the rhizosphere? how is it created?

created by the roots with the release of exudates

how does soil organic matter provide benefits to plants

increases soil microorganisms activity

how can soil organic matter be improved

apply conservation tillage to reduce exposure of organic matter to the air

eatrhworms shred organic residue and therefore are considered\______

detritvores

how can the ideal carbon-to-nitrogen ratio for agricultural purposes of about 10:1 be achieved int eh best way?

by adding organic matter (root residue, manure, corn stalks)

which type of soil would likely have the highest cec

organic soil