Anatomy and Physiology II Lab Final

Antigenic determinant

B and T lymphocytes recognize pathogens by binding to them. The molecule the lymphocyte recognizes is called the _______ found on the antigen.

Optic nerve

Identify the highlighted external cow eye cranial nerve in this image.

Optic Disk

The Area where the optic nerve originates, called the ______, doesn’t contain photoreceptors, so light stimulus cannot be detected.

Artificially induced passive passive immunity

Identify the form of immunity labeled F.

Optic Nerve

Ganglion cell axons make up the ______.

Growth hormone

Some athletes use GHB to enhance their lean body muscle mass. GHB, however, does not have a direct effect on muscle growth. Which hormone would most likely be stimulated by GHB to exert its anabolic effect?

NK cells

Which type of lymphocyte that matures in the red bone marrow is involved in immune surveillance in the peripheral tissues?

Aqueous humor

In glaucoma, increasing pressure due to fluid build-up in the chambers of the eye can lead to nerve damage and ultimately blindness. What is the name of the fluid in the anterior chamber?

Underproduction of insulin - diabetes insipidus

Which of the following endocrine malfunctions is NOT correctly paired to the condition it produces?

CD4/CD8

Helper T cells have ___ markers, while cytotoxic T cells and suppressor T cells have _____ markers.

Popliteal

Identify the major vein labeled G.

Pericardial fluid

The pericardial cavity normally contains 15-50 mL of ________, that acts as a lubricant, reducing friction between the opposing visceral and parietal surfaces as the heart beats.

Vitamin K and Calcium

The two most important factors affecting almost every aspect of the clotting process are ______.

Red bone marrow; thymus

B cells mature in the _____ and T cells mature in the _______.

Non-specific / specific

In terms of specificity, innate defenses are considered _______, and adaptive defenses are considered _______.

Interferons

Identify the innate defense labeled D

Left Ventricle

Identify the structural component of the posterior heart surface labeled D

Axillary

Identify the major artery labeled F

Anemia

What type of condition would be suspected if a patient’s blood test results are abnormally low for hematocrit, hemoglobin concentration, and RBC count?

ADH

identify the pituitary hormone labeled I

Superior mesenteric

Identify the major labeled C

Descending genicular

Identify the major artery labeled I

Blue, green, and red

What are the three types of cones?

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Class II MHCs are produced in the _______.

Myocardium

Identify the highlighted sheep heart structure (frontal section)

Great saphenous

Identify the major vein labeled F

Lysozyme / IgA

Tears are lacrimal secretions that contain bactericidal proteins called ______ and ________.

Cytotoxic T cells

Cancer cells would be attacked by which of the following cells?

Bipolar cells

Identify the retinal cell/structure labeled F

Right auricle

Identify the highlighted sheep heart structure (anterior view)

Patent foramen ovale

Which of the following congenital heart problems is a result of normal fetal circulation structures remaining open past birth?

Right ventricle

Identify the highlighted sheep heart structure (frontal section)

Inhibiting; releasing

The hypothalamus regulated the release of anterior pituitary hormones by releasing certain ______ and ______.

Dendritic cells; macrophages

CD4 cells are converted to help T cells when _________ and __________ present the antigen.

Degranulation

WBCs called granulocytes have specialized secretory vesicles called granules that contain cytotoxic, antimicrobial, or other molecular substances. These molecules are released by the cells in a process known as ____________ which aids in the body’s non-specific immunity (=innate immunity)

Regulatory (suppressor) T cells

Identify the lymphocyte class labeled D

Femoral artery

Which of the following is NOT a major blood vessels associated with the heart?

O-

What is the blood type of an individual who does NOT have A, B, C and D RBC surface antigens, but does have anti-A and anti-B antibodies?

Chordae tendineae

Identify the highlighted sheep heart structure.

Cornea

The _______ is a non-vascularized, transparent, fibrous covering of the outer surface of the middle of the eye which functions to protect the eye and to act as the initial lens which focuses the light into the eye.

Median cubital

Identify the major vein labeled E

E and NE

Which two hormones produced by the adrenal medulla can also as neurotransmitters?

Melatonin

Your friend has been taking a cocktail or hormone supplements in an effort to gain a competitive edge during an upcoming marathon. You tell him that this is unhealthy and illegal. But it also gets you wondering what might be in this cocktail. Which of the following is NOT a likely ingredient?

Eosinophil

The type of WBC increases during parasitic infections and phagocytizes antibody-labeled materials is a/an

Dorsalis Pedis

Identify the major artery labeled J

Lacrimal caruncle

identify the eye structure labeled F

Phagolysosome

MHC II proteins bind to antigen fragments when they fuse with the _______.

Optic disc

Identify the highlighted posterior cow eye structure that lacks photoreceptors, therefore visual information cannot be received in this area.

All of the listed responses are correct

Atherosclerotic plaque in their early stages can be reduced through lifestyle changes. Which of the following lifestyle changes would NOT be effective?

Shine a light in one eye and then see if the other eye responds the same way

Describe how to detect the consensual response of the pupils?

Cusp of the tricuspid valve

Identify the anatomical feature of the frontal section of the heart labeled D

Pulmonary trunk

Identify the anatomical feature on the anterior surface of the heart labeled H

MHC I

Cytotoxic T cells circulate through the body searching for infected or cancerous cells by examining the antigenic determinant on _________ proteins on the cell surface

Receive an organ generated by using stem cells from the individual in need of the organ

Theoretically, what would constitute an ideal transplant?

Stabilize the valves so there is no back flow of blood

What is the function of the contraction of papillary muscles that are associated with chordae tendineae?

Ganglionic cells

Diabetic retinopathy develops because abnormal blood vessels grow into the space adjacent to the neural layer of the retina, causing cellular damage and ultimately blindness. Which of the following cells form the deepest layer of the neural layer of the retina?

Pancreatic islet

Identify the pancreatic structure labeled I

Phagolysosome

MHC II protein bind to antigen fragments when they fuse with the _______.

Erythropoiesis

Myeloid stem cells will differentiate into certain formed elements based on the chemical signals that they receive. When influenced by the hormone, erythropoietin (EPO), RBCs will form in a process called _________.

Ulnar

Identify the major vein labeled H

Trabeculae carneae

Identify the highlighted sheep heart structure

Smooth muscle

Identify the artery structure labeled B

Ciliary body

Identify the highlighted posterior cow eye structure that helps anchor the lens using suspensory ligaments.

Coronary thrombosis

Any complete blockage within the coronary circulation will lead into a myocardial infarction (MI) or a heart attack. Which of the following will cause an MI?

Naturally acquired active immunity

What is the type of immunity one acquires through contracting a disease such as chicken pox from another infected person?

Monocyte

Identify the white blood cell labeled D

B cells; T cells

______ are found in the lymph node’s germinal centers of lymphoid follicles, and wander through the deep cortex searching dendritic cells for their specific antigen.

vitreous body

Identify the highlighted posterior cow eye structure that is described as a gelatinous sac that fills the posterior chamber of the eye.

Coronary sulcus

Identify the highlighted sheep heart structure (anterior view)

Zona reticularis

Identify the adrenal gland structured labeled E

Teniae coil

Identify the large intestine structure labeled E

Respiratory alkalosis

An arterial blood gas was performed on a patient and the following results were obtained:

pH = 7.55

CO2 = 30 mm Hg

HCO3- = 23 mEq/L

What type of acid-base imbalance would be indicative of these values?

Labium majus

Identify the female reproductive structure labeled “I”

Mitochondrial spiral

Identify the sperm structure labeled “F”

Lactic acid

What molecule will pyruvate be converted to if inadequate amounts of oxygen are in the cytosol?

renal cortex

Identify the kidney structure labeled "C”

Inferior lobe of right lung

Identify the highlighted respiratory structure (anterior view)

Prostate gland

Identify the urinary bladder structure labeled K

Oxidative phosphorylation

What phosphorylation mechanism is used to generate ATP in the ETS?

2 ATP are used in glycolysis to initially catabolize the glucose molecule

Which explanation BEST describes why there is only a NET gain of 2 ATP when 4 ATP molecules are generated from the glycolysis of 1 glucose molecule?

Rugae

Identify the highlighted digestive system structure

Band of elastic fibers

Identify the alveolar-related structure labeled F

Nasal conchae

Identify the nasal cavity/pharynx structure labeled H

False

Hydrogen ion concentration and pH are directly proportional: true or false

Primary follicle

Identify the ovarian structure labeled “B”

Reactions of cellular respiration

Where does the carbon dioxide that you exhale come from?

Carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system

Which of the following buffer systems plays a major role in acid-base balance of the extracellular fluid (ECF)?

Advanced morula

Identify the cleavage/blastocyte structure labeled C

Spongy urethra

Identify the male reproductive structure labeled “D”

Ovaries; XX individuals are born female

Using the information in this image, does the set of chromosomes indicate that individual has testes or ovaries? Why is this so?

Tracheal cartilage

Identify the highlighted respiratory structure (anterior view)

Death

What will likely occur if blood pH falls below 6.8 or rises above 7.8?

Primitive streak

Identify the gastrulation structure labeled B

Common bile duct

Identify the liver structure labeled G

Minor calyx

Identify the kidney structure labeled G

Before birth

When do female reproductive stem cells complete their mitotic division?

Proximal convoluted tubule

Identify the nephron/collecting system structure labeled A

Tongue

Identify the highlighted digestive system structure

Cellular trophoblast

Identify the implantation structure labeled F

50%

Type B blood is a strict dominant trait and type O is a strict recessive trait. John has type O blood and Mary is heterozygous for type B blood (Bo). If John and Mary reproduce, what is the chance that their child will have type O blood?