BIOL 260: Ch. 9b, 10, 11

Muscles of Face Diagram pt.1

Muscles of Face Diagram pt. 2

Muscles of Facial Expression Chart

Muscles of Mastication Chart

Muscles of Neck and Vertebral Column Diagram

Muscles That Move the Head and Vertebral Column Chart pt.1

Muscles That Move the Head and Vertebral Column Chart pt.2

Muscles That Move the Head and Vertebral Column Chart pt.3

Muscles That Move the Head and Vertebral Column Chart pt.4

Muscles of Shoulder and Back Diagram

Muscles of Anterior Chest and Abdominal Wall Diagram

Muscles of Shoulder and Arm Diagram

Muscles That Move the Pectoral Girdle Chart

Cross Section of Arm Diagram

Muscles of Shoulder and Arm Diagram pt. 2

Muscles That Move the Arm Chart

Which muscles that move the arm are flexors, extensors, abductors, and rotators?

Which muscles that move the forearm are flexors, extensors, and rotators?

Muscles That Move the Forearm Chart

Cross Section of the Forearm

Muscles of Anterior Forearm Diagram

Muscles of Posterior Forearm Diagram

Which muscles that move the hand are flexors and extensors?

Muscles That Move the Hand Chart

Muscles of the Abdominal Wall Diagram

Muscles of the Abdominal Wall Chart

Which muscles are part of the pelvic floor, urogenital diaphragm, or other perineal muscles?

Muscles of Pelvic Floor Diagram

Muscles of the Pelvic Floor and Perineum Chart pt.1

Muscles of the Pelvic Floor and Perineum Chart pt.2

Which muscles that move the thigh are part of the anterior group (flex hip), medial group (adducts thigh), or posterior group (extend hip, abducts or rotates thigh)?

Muscles That Move the Thigh Chart

Cross Section of Thigh

Muscles of the Thigh and Leg Diagram pt.1

Muscles of the Thigh and Leg Diagram pt.2

Muscles of the Thigh and Leg Diagram pt.3

Muscles of the Thigh and Leg Diagram pt.4

Muscles of the Thigh and Leg Diagram pt.5

Which muscles that move the leg are flexors and extensors?

Muscles That Move the Leg Chart

Which muscles that move the foot are dorsiflexors, plantar flexors, invertors, and evertors?

Muscles That Move the Foot Chart

Muscles That Move the Foot Diagram pt.1

Muscles That Move the Foot Diagram pt.2

Muscles That Move the Foot Diagram pt.3

Muscles That Move the Foot Diagram pt.4

Muscles That Move the Foot Diagram pt.5

Cross Section of Leg

What changes are associated with an aging muscle?

• myoglobin, creatine phosphate, and ATP decline

• muscles become smaller and drier

• less able to generate force

• some muscle tissue is replaced by adipose cells and connective tissue

• motor neuron activity declines → reflexes become slower

Neuron Diagram

Structural Differences of Neurons Diagram

Classification of Neurons Chart

Types of Neuroglia Chart

Myelinated Axon Diagram

Some Neurotransmitters and Representative Actions Chart

Disorders Associated with Neurotransmitters Chart

Drugs That Alter Neurotransmitter Levels Chart

Events Leading to Neurotransmitter Release Chart

Where is grey and white matter found in the brain?

grey - outer layers of cerebral hemispheres; largely the cerebellum

white - deeper in brain

How does the brain connect to the spinal cord?

the brainstem

meninges

layers of membrane that cover & protect the brain and spinal cord

What are the three meninges from superficial to deep?

• dura mater - tough white dense connective tissue; many blood vessels and nerves; attaches to inside of cranial cavity; internal periosteum of surrounding skull bones

• arachnoid mater - thin, weblike membrane; no blood vessels

• pia mater - thin w/ many nerves & blood vessels to nourish brain and spinal cord

epidural space

space between dural sheath of spinal cord and bone of the vertebral canal

True or False: The subarachnoid space completely surrounds the brain and spinal cord, allowing them to float in cerebrospinal fluid.

True

Partitions Formed by Dura Mater Chart

Meninges of Spinal Cord Diagram

Meninges of Brain Diagram

ventricle

cavity in the brain filled with cerebrospinal fluid & continuous with central canal of spinal cord

Ventricles in the Brain Diagram

choroid plexus

secrete cerebrospinal fluid; tiny, reddish, cauliflower-like masses of specialized capillaries from the pia mater; covered in layer of specialized ependymal cells

Which ventricles does most CSF form?

lateral & slowly circulates into the 3rd & 4th ventricles

What are the three major cavities/vesicles in the brain development?

forebrain - prosencephalon

midbrain - mesencephalon

hindbrain - rhombencephalon

Which developmental brain cavities divide?

prosencephalon - telencephalon (anterior) & diencephalon (posterior)

rhombencephalon - metencephalon & myelencephalon

Brain Development Diagram

What brain structures does the hindbrain give rise?

cerebellum, pons, medulla oblongata

What gives rise to the cerebrum and basal nuclei?

wall of anterior portion of the forebrain

What is the brainstem comprised of?

midbrain, pons, medulla

Saggital Section of Brain and Spinal Cord Diagram

Structural Development of the Brain Chart

What is the largest part of the mature brain?

cerebrum

cerebrum

• 2 cerebral hemispheres

• corpus callosum - connects hemispheres

Brain Lobe Diagram

Brain Lobe Diagram 2

What is the difference between gyrus, sulcus, fissure?

gyrus - ridges/convolutions in brain

sulcus - shallow to somewhat deep groove

fissure - very deep groove

Where are fissures and sulci?

longitudinal fissure - separate right and left hemispheres

transverse fissure - separate cerebrum from cerebellum

sulci - divide each hemisphere into lobes

insula (island of Reli)

lobe deep within lateral sulcus of each hemisphere

cerebral cortex

thin layer of gray matter on all brain lobes; outermost portion of cerebrum; 75% of all neuron cell bodies in nervous system

Sensory, Association, and Motor Areas of Left Cerebral Cortex Diagram

Sensory areas for which senses receive impulses from both sides?

eyes & ears

What are association areas?

not primarily sensory nor motor - analyze and interpret sensory experiences + help provide memory, reasoning, verbalizing, judgement, emotions

Wernicke’s area

left hemisphere; understanding and formulating written and spoken language

Broca’s Area

motor speech area; frontal lobe;

frontal eye field

superior part of frontal lobe - voluntary eye & eyelid movements

Functions of Cerebral Lobes Chart

Which hemisphere is usually dominant? What for? What is the nondominant specialized in?

left - language related activities (speech, writing, reading); verbal, analytical, computational skills

right - nonverbal functions (motor tasks, interpret musical patters, visual experiences); emotional and intuitive processes

basal nuclei or basal ganglia

• masses of gray matters deep within cerebral hemispheres

• include caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus

• produce neurotransmitter dopamine

• interact with motor cortex, thalamus, cerebellum → facilitate voluntary movement

Diencephalon

• develops from posterior forebrain

• located between cerebral hemispheres & superior to brainstem

• surrounds third ventricle

• largely grey matter

• thalamus

• hypothalamus

• optic tracts

• infundibulum

• posterior pituitary gland

• mammillary bodies

• pineal gland

• limbic system

thalamus

selective gateway for sensory impulses ascending to cerebral cortex

What does the hypothalamus regulate?

• heart rate and arterial blood pressure

• body temp

• water and electrolyte balance

• control of hunger and body weight

• control of movements and glandular secretions of the stomach and intestines

• production of neurosecretory substances that stimulate the pituitary gland to release hormones that help regulate growth, control various glands, and influence reproductive physiology

• sleep and wakefulness

Brainstem Diagram