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Jane Addams
A social reformer and activist who founded Hull House in Chicago, advocating for women's suffrage and social reform.
William Jennings Bryan
A three-time presidential candidate known for his populist views and opposition to the gold standard.
W.E.B. DuBois
An African American sociologist, historian, and civil rights activist who co-founded the NAACP.
Marcus Garvey
A political leader known for promoting Black nationalism and the back-to-Africa movement.
Madison Grant
An American eugenicist and author who advocated for the preservation of the 'Nordic' race.
William 'Coin' Harvey
An American businessman and advocate for the free coinage of silver and the establishment of a monetary system.
Billie Holiday
A renowned jazz and blues singer known for her emotive style and impactful songs.
Herbert Hoover
The 31st President of the United States, serving during the Great Depression.
Langston Hughes
A key figure of the Harlem Renaissance, known for his poetry and advocacy for African American culture.
Jack Johnson
The first African American heavyweight boxing champion, known for his controversial reign and social defiance.
William McKinley
The 25th President of the United States, whose assassination in 1901 led to Theodore Roosevelt's presidency.
Paul Robeson
An African American singer, actor, and civil rights activist known for his activism and cultural contributions.
Franklin Roosevelt
The 32nd President of the United States, known for his leadership during the Great Depression and World War II.
Margaret Sanger
An activist known for her role in the birth control movement and founding of Planned Parenthood.
Upton Sinclair
A novelist and social critic known for his work 'The Jungle,' which exposed labor conditions in the meatpacking industry.
Booker T. Washington
An African American educator and civil rights leader who advocated for vocational education.
Woodrow Wilson
The 28th President of the United States, known for leading the country during World War I and promoting the League of Nations.
Pancho Villa
A Mexican revolutionary general known for his raids in the U.S. and significant role in the Mexican Revolution.
African American Modernity and the Harlem Renaissance
The Harlem Renaissance was a cultural, social, and artistic explosion centered in Harlem, New York, during the 1920s, showcasing African American art, literature, and music, driven by the desire for representation and equality.
Contradiction in African American Modernity of the 1920s
The contradiction lay in the coexistence of artistic flourishing and cultural recognition against a backdrop of persistent racial discrimination and segregation.
Prominent Figures of the Harlem Renaissance
Key figures included Langston Hughes, Zora Neale Hurston, and Duke Ellington who made significant contributions through literature, theater, and music.
Changes in Race and Racism from 1876 to 1940
Ideas of race and racism evolved from overt segregation and disenfranchisement to discussions of civil rights led by organizations like the NAACP and figures like W.E.B. Du Bois.
Driving Forces Behind Changes in Race and Racism
The Civil Rights Movement, literary contributions, and socio-political activism drove changes in perceptions and policies regarding race and racism.
Changing Notions of Women and Gender Roles (1876-1940)
Notions of gender roles transformed as women increasingly engaged in public life, pursuing education and professional careers, largely influenced by the suffrage movement.
Concept of Separate Spheres
The concept maintained that men and women belonged in different societal roles, with men in public life and women in domestic roles; this was challenged by women's suffrage and the rise of labor movements.
Role of Mass Culture in Gender Changes
Mass culture helped shape and redefine femininity by promoting new ideals of women's independence and consumption, reflecting in changes in women's body image and self-presentation.
Impact of Mass Culture and Consumption on Identity
Mass culture and consumption altered ideas of race, ethnicity, and gender by promoting diversity while also perpetuating stereotypes and commercializing identities.
Benefits of Mass Consumption
Benefits included increased access to goods and cultural products, fostering a sense of community and shared experience among diverse groups.
Negative Consequences of Mass Consumption
Negative consequences included materialism, the commodification of culture, and the reinforcement of social hierarchies.
Core Tenants of Progressivism
Core tenants included social justice, political reform, and economic regulation to address the issues posed by industrialization and urbanization.
Unity and Division in Progressivism
Progressivism was unified in its goals for reform but divided over strategies and priorities, including racial and gender issues.
Principal Advocates of Progressivism
Key advocates included Jane Addams and W.E.B. Du Bois, each promoting different aspects of social reform and advocacy for marginalized groups.
Relationship of Progressives with the Federal Government
Progressives sought to use the federal government as a tool for reform, pushing for constitutional amendments to empower social change.
Impact of Progressivism on Race and Gender
Progressivism had complex effects on race and gender, often sidelining issues of racial equality while advancing women's suffrage.
Free Silver Issue
The free silver issue involved advocating for bimetallism, where both silver and gold would be used to back currency, emphasizing the advantages of increasing money supply and inflation to benefit farmers and working-class citizens.
Advocates of Free Silver
Proponents included William Jennings Bryan, who argued that free silver would help increase inflation, making debts easier to pay for struggling farmers.
Opponents of Free Silver
Opponents included bankers and industrialists who argued that the gold standard provided economic stability and benefitted those with wealth, like creditors.
Who benefited from the Gold Standard?
The gold standard primarily benefited financial elites and creditors who favored a stable currency and controlled lending.
Urban Growth in the Late 19th Century
The unprecedented urban growth was caused by industrialization, immigration, and rural-to-urban migration, leading to crowded cities and the expansion of infrastructure.
Consequences of Urban Growth
Consequences included social issues such as overcrowding, pollution, and the rise of tenement housing, as well as cultural transformations and economic opportunities.
Causes of the Stock Market Crash
Causes included excessive speculation, stock market manipulation, and underlying economic weaknesses, leading to widespread panic and financial collapse.
Consequences of the Great Depression
Consequences included massive unemployment, economic downturn, social dislocation, and shifts in government policy regarding social welfare.
Framing of the Crisis in the 1932 Election
Republicans framed the crisis as a result of inherent economic cycles, while Democrats blamed the Republican leadership for the failed policies exacerbating the Depression.
Changes in Federal Government Role under the New Deal
New Deal programs expanded the power of the federal government to intervene in the economy, including social welfare and job creation initiatives.
Reactions against New Deal Changes
Reactions included criticism from conservatives who felt the expansion of government power threatened individual liberties and free enterprise.
Causes of World War I
Causes included militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism, alongside the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.
U.S. Entry into World War I
The United States entered the war primarily due to unrestricted submarine warfare by Germany and the Zimmermann Telegram.
Warring Alliances in World War I
The major alliances were the Allies, including France, Russia, and Britain, against the Central Powers, including Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire.
Home Front Effects of World War I
The war led to increased industrial production, changes in workforce demographics, and a shift in women's roles as they took on jobs traditionally held by men.
International Affairs Post World War I
The war reshaped international relations and led to the creation of the League of Nations, attempting to prevent future conflicts.
Connection between World War I and World War II
The unresolved issues and treaties of World War I, particularly the Treaty of Versailles, set the stage for political and economic instability that contributed to World War II.
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