large animal physio

levels of organization

chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, body system, organism

chemical level

located inside cells, includes elements like carbon or hydrogen and includes macromolecules like carbohydrates or proteins

cellular level

smallest unit capable of carrying out the processes associated with life and cells are specialized

types of tissues

epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous

epithelial tissue

exchange of materials, line body cavity and surface

connective tissue

connects, supports and anchors various body parts like tendon blood and lymph

muscular tissue

contraction and force generation like skeletal, smooth, or cardiac

nervous tissue

initiation and transmission of electrical impulses such as excitable, transmits signals

organ

two or more tissues organized to perform a particular function

organ system

collection of organs that interact to accomplish a common activity

organism level

living thing that has an organized structure, can react to stimuli, reproduce, grow, adapt, and maintain homeostasis

homeostasis

maintenance of a consistent internal state, maintenance of internal conditions in the face of environmental perturbations

factors regulated by homeostasis examples

body temp, pH, waste, water, salt/electrolytes, pressure and fluid volume

steps of homeostasis

1. stimulus: produces a change in variable

2. change detected by receptor

3. Input: information sent along different pathway to control centre

4. Output: information sent along efferent pathway to effector

5. Response of effector feeds back to influence magnitude of stimulus and returns variable to homeostasis

positive feedback loop

signal sent back to increase intensity of stimulus such as blood glucose and temperature

negative feedback loop

signal is sent back to the stimulus to decrease intensity of stimulus like appetite, temp, or thirst