chem test 2

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what is organic chemistry?

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108 Terms

1

what is organic chemistry?

carbon containing compounds

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2

what are the properties of inorganic compounds?

high boiling point

high melting point

low flammability

soluble in water

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3

what are the properties of organic compounds?

low boiling point

low melting point

high flammability

not soluble in water

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4

what are the different types of hydrocarbons?

alkanes

alkenes

alkynes

aromatics/cyclo

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5

alkane properties

saturated with hydrogens (H₂)

contains only single bonds

“ane” suffix

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6

what is the formula for alkanes?

CₙH₂ₙ+₂

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7

alkene properties

unsaturated

double bonds

“ene” suffix

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8

what is the formula for alkenes?

CₙH₂ₙ

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9

alkyne properties

unsaturated

triple bonds

“yne” suffix

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10

what is the formula for alkynes?

CₙH₂ₙ-₂

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11

example of an alkane

C₁H₁∙₂+₂ → CH₄

C₂H₂∙₂+₂ → C₂H₆

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12

example of an alkene

C₂H₂∙₂ → C₂H₄

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13

example of an alkyne

C₂H₂∙₂-₂ → C₂H₂

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14

what are aromatics/cyclos?

closed shapes in carbon chains

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15

how many sides do aromatics have?

only 6 sides

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16

how many sides do cyclos have?

only 3-5 sides

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17

what is an alkyl group?

an alkane group with one less hydrogen atom

ex. CH₃

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18

what is a carbonyl group?

a carbon double bonded with an oxygen

ex. C=O

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19

prefixes for gas organic compounds

meth-1

eth-2

prop-3

(1-3)

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20

prefixes for liquid organic compounds

but-4

pent-5

hex-6

hept-7

oct-8

non-9

deca-10

(4-17)

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21

prefixes for solid organic compounds

only 18↑

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22
<p>name and chemical formula</p>

name and chemical formula

hexane

C₆H₁₄

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23
<p>name and chemical formula</p>

name and chemical formula

pentene

(2-petene/pent-2-ene)

C₅H₁₀

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24
<p>name and chemical formula</p>

name and chemical formula

ethyne

C₂H₂

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25

how do you find the name for a branched chain?

a) find longest carbon chain (parent chain)

b) number carbon atoms and identify other branches (count from closest double/triple bond or branch)

c) name branches in alphabetical order

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26

what do you do when there is a closed shape?

put the prefix “cyclo” in front of the name

automatically becomes parent chain

(count from closest branch)

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27

what are the functioning groups?

alcohol

aldehyde

amine (amine/amino)

carboxylic acid

halogens

ketone

phenol

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28

what does alcohol look like?

prefix: ol

OH - C

<p>prefix: ol</p><p><mark data-color="red">OH</mark> - C</p>
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29

what does aldehyde look like?

prefix: al

C = O bonded with H

<p>prefix: al</p><p>C = O bonded with H</p>
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30

what does amine look like?

prefix: amine/amino

NH₂ - nitrogen bonded with two hydrogens

<p>prefix: amine/amino</p><p><mark data-color="red">NH₂</mark> -  nitrogen bonded with two hydrogens</p>
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31

what does carboxylic acid look like?

prefix: oic

C = O bonded with OH

(double bond)

<p>prefix: oic</p><p>C = O bonded with OH</p><p>(double bond)</p>
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32

what do halogens look like?

prefix: o

can contain F, Cl, Br, I

<p>prefix: o</p><p>can contain F, Cl, Br, I</p>
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33

what does ketone look like?

prefix: one

C = O

(NOT bonded with hydrogen)

<p>prefix: one</p><p>C = O</p><p>(<mark data-color="red">NOT</mark> bonded with hydrogen)</p>
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34

what does phenol look like?

prefix: ol

closed shape bonded with an OH

<p>prefix: ol</p><p>closed shape bonded with an <mark data-color="red">OH</mark></p>
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35

what are lipids?

unsaturated fatty acids (mainly nonpolar)

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36

what are substituents?

groups that are bonded to the main carbon chain excluding hydrogen

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37

what are isomers?

molecules with the same molecular formula but different arrangement

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38

what is structural/constitutional?

two molecules having the same molecular formula but a different connectivity of atoms; therefore, different names

<p>two molecules having the same molecular formula but a different connectivity of atoms; therefore, <mark data-color="red">different names</mark></p>
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39

what is conformational?

two of the molecules the same, but different arrangement with the same name

<p>two of the molecules the same, but different arrangement with the <mark data-color="red">same name</mark></p>
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40

what are stereoisomers?

same arrangement, different spatial arrangement

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41

difference between cis and trans

cis: groups on the same side

trans: groups on opposite sides

<p>cis: groups on the same side</p><p>trans: groups on opposite sides</p>
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42

what is chirality?

molecules that have nonsuperimposable mirror images

(can not be mirror images of each other)

ex. hands

<p>molecules that have nonsuperimposable mirror images</p><p>(can not be mirror images of each other)</p><p>ex. hands</p>
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43

what is a chiral center/carbon?

four different attachments connected to a center carbon

is NEVER on the end

is NEVER on a multiple bond

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44

what is an enantiomer?

compounds that contain at least one chiral carbon that are nonsuperimposable mirror images

<p>compounds that contain at least one chiral carbon that are nonsuperimposable mirror images</p>
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45

what are biomolecules?

the molecules of life

carbohydrates

lipids

nucleic acids

proteins

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46

what are the biomolecule structural appearance differences?

molecular formula, condensed, lewis structure, and skeletal

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47

heteratoms

atoms in an organic compound that of elements other than carbon or hydrogen

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48

resonance hybrid

a representation used to indicate electron sharing among several atoms

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49

what is thermodynamics?

study of the relationship between heat produced or consumed in a chemical reaction

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50

exothermic

heat is released

reactants → products + E

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51

endothermic

heat is absorbed

E + reactants → products

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52

what is change in enthalpy?

associated with the internal energy of a system

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53

exergonic

energy is NOT required

spontaneous reaction (-∆G)

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54

endergonic

energy IS required

non-spontaneous reaction (+∆G)

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55

what is change of entropy?

associated with change in randomness

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56

what is the law of conservation os mass?

during a chemical reaction, mass is neither created nor destroyed

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57

components in a chemical equation

state of matter letters (s, l, g, aq)

-, +, →

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58

diatomic molecules

two atoms of the same element combined to make a molecule

H₂, N₂, O₂, F₂, Cl₂, Br₂, and I₂

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59

how to balance equations

a) find the LCD (begin with most complex)

b) trial and error

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60

what is molar mass?

sum of atoms (grams)

1mol = molar mass (grams)

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61

Avogadro’s number

6.02 x 10²³ F.U. = 1mol

F.U. = molecules and atoms

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62

what is a synthesis reaction?

A + B → AB

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63

what is a decomposition reaction?

AB → A + B

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64

what is a single replacement reaction?

A⁺ + B⁺C⁻ → A⁺C⁻ + B⁻

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65

what is a double replacement reaction?

A⁺B⁻ + C⁺D⁻ → A⁺D⁻ + C⁺B⁻

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66

what is a combustion reaction?

HC + O₂ → CO₂ + H₂O + E

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67

what is hydration?

loss or gain of H₂O

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68

what is hydrogenation?

loss or gain of H₂

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69

what is phosphorylation?

loss or gain of PO₄⁻³

a condensation reaction where a phosphate group (P) is bonded to another molecule

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70

hydrolysis

a decomposition reaction involving the breaking of one large organic molecule into smaller molecules with water in the reactant

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71

what is redox: oxidation?

a loss of e⁻

a loss of H₂

a gain of O₂

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72

what is reduction?

a gain of e⁻

a gain of H₂

a loss of O₂

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73

what is an enzyme?

a biological catalyst

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74

what is glycolysis?

a series of chemical reactions in the body that break down glucose, producing energy

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75

what is chemical equilibrium?

a state in a reversible chemical reaction where both the forward and the reverse reactions are occurring at the same rate

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76

what is the activation site?

the location an enzyme where catalysts occur

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77

what is a catalyst?

a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy of the reaction

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78

what is activation energy?

the energy in a chemical reaction necessary for the reactants to collide with enough energy to form products

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79

what is carboxylation?

a type of condensation reaction where a carboxyl group is added to another molecule

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80

what is cellular respiration?

the oxidation of organic substances through a series of chemical reactions within a cell, ultimately producing carbon dioxide, water, and energy

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81

what is free energy (G)?

the amount of energy available to do work

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82

what are factors that affect the rate of a reaction?

concentration of the reactants (the more concentrated the faster it occurs)

temperature

presence of a catalyst (enzymes)

how many reactants there are

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83

what is markovnikov’s rule?

H bonds with the carbon atom with more H

OH bonds with the carbon with more carbons

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84

what is a carbohydrate?

a simple or complex sugar composed of hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon

many are a primary source of energy in a normal diet

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85

what are the 4 different types of carbohydrates?

monosaccharides

disaccharides

oligosaccharides

polysaccharides

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86

what are the different types of monosaccharides?

fructose

glucose

galactose

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87

what are the different types of disaccharides?

lactose (glucose + galactose)

maltose (glucose + glucose)

sucrose (glucose + fructose)

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88

what is an oligosaccharide?

blood types (3-10 sugar units)

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89

what are different types of polysaccharides?

cellulose (trees)

chitin (exoskeleton of insects)

glycogen (animals)

starch (amylose and amylopectin)

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90

what is dietary fiber?

the parts of plant foods your body can’t digest or absorb

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91

what is soluble?

can mix or dissolve with water

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92

what is an example of a soluble food?

oatmeal, apples, peas, beans, etc.

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93

what is insoluble?

does NOT mix or dissolve with water

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94

what is an example of an insoluble food?

whole grain, seeds, brown rice, etc.

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95

D-sugars (fischer projection)

the OH is on the right hand side of the chain

<p>the OH is on the right hand side of the chain</p>
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96

L-sugars (fischer projection)

the OH is on the left hand side of the chain

<p>the OH is on the left hand side of the chain</p>
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97

alcohol (primary 1°)

the center carbon is attached to only one alkyl group

<p>the center carbon is attached to <mark data-color="red">only one</mark> alkyl group</p>
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98

alcohol (secondary 2°)

the center carbon is attached to two alkyl groups

<p>the center carbon is attached to <mark data-color="red">two</mark> alkyl groups</p>
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99

alcohol (tertiary 3°)

the center carbon is attached to three alkyl groups

<p>the center carbon is attached to <mark data-color="red">three</mark> alkyl groups</p>
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100

what are enantiomers?

mirror image

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