Studied by 7 people
what is organic chemistry?
carbon containing compounds
what are the properties of inorganic compounds?
high boiling point
high melting point
low flammability
soluble in water
what are the properties of organic compounds?
low boiling point
low melting point
high flammability
not soluble in water
what are the different types of hydrocarbons?
alkanes
alkenes
alkynes
aromatics/cyclo
alkane properties
saturated with hydrogens (H₂)
contains only single bonds
“ane” suffix
what is the formula for alkanes?
CₙH₂ₙ+₂
alkene properties
unsaturated
double bonds
“ene” suffix
what is the formula for alkenes?
CₙH₂ₙ
alkyne properties
unsaturated
triple bonds
“yne” suffix
what is the formula for alkynes?
CₙH₂ₙ-₂
example of an alkane
C₁H₁∙₂+₂ → CH₄
C₂H₂∙₂+₂ → C₂H₆
example of an alkene
C₂H₂∙₂ → C₂H₄
example of an alkyne
C₂H₂∙₂-₂ → C₂H₂
what are aromatics/cyclos?
closed shapes in carbon chains
how many sides do aromatics have?
only 6 sides
how many sides do cyclos have?
only 3-5 sides
what is an alkyl group?
an alkane group with one less hydrogen atom
ex. CH₃
what is a carbonyl group?
a carbon double bonded with an oxygen
ex. C=O
prefixes for gas organic compounds
meth-1
eth-2
prop-3
(1-3)
prefixes for liquid organic compounds
but-4
pent-5
hex-6
hept-7
oct-8
non-9
deca-10
(4-17)
prefixes for solid organic compounds
only 18↑
name and chemical formula
hexane
C₆H₁₄
name and chemical formula
pentene
(2-petene/pent-2-ene)
C₅H₁₀
name and chemical formula
ethyne
C₂H₂
how do you find the name for a branched chain?
a) find longest carbon chain (parent chain)
b) number carbon atoms and identify other branches (count from closest double/triple bond or branch)
c) name branches in alphabetical order
what do you do when there is a closed shape?
put the prefix “cyclo” in front of the name
automatically becomes parent chain
(count from closest branch)
what are the functioning groups?
alcohol
aldehyde
amine (amine/amino)
carboxylic acid
halogens
ketone
phenol
what does alcohol look like?
prefix: ol
OH - C
what does aldehyde look like?
prefix: al
C = O bonded with H
what does amine look like?
prefix: amine/amino
NH₂ - nitrogen bonded with two hydrogens
what does carboxylic acid look like?
prefix: oic
C = O bonded with OH
(double bond)
what do halogens look like?
prefix: o
can contain F, Cl, Br, I
what does ketone look like?
prefix: one
C = O
(NOT bonded with hydrogen)
what does phenol look like?
prefix: ol
closed shape bonded with an OH
what are lipids?
unsaturated fatty acids (mainly nonpolar)
what are substituents?
groups that are bonded to the main carbon chain excluding hydrogen
what are isomers?
molecules with the same molecular formula but different arrangement
what is structural/constitutional?
two molecules having the same molecular formula but a different connectivity of atoms; therefore, different names
what is conformational?
two of the molecules the same, but different arrangement with the same name
what are stereoisomers?
same arrangement, different spatial arrangement
difference between cis and trans
cis: groups on the same side
trans: groups on opposite sides
what is chirality?
molecules that have nonsuperimposable mirror images
(can not be mirror images of each other)
ex. hands
what is a chiral center/carbon?
four different attachments connected to a center carbon
is NEVER on the end
is NEVER on a multiple bond
what is an enantiomer?
compounds that contain at least one chiral carbon that are nonsuperimposable mirror images
what are biomolecules?
the molecules of life
carbohydrates
lipids
nucleic acids
proteins
what are the biomolecule structural appearance differences?
molecular formula, condensed, lewis structure, and skeletal
heteratoms
atoms in an organic compound that of elements other than carbon or hydrogen
resonance hybrid
a representation used to indicate electron sharing among several atoms
what is thermodynamics?
study of the relationship between heat produced or consumed in a chemical reaction
exothermic
heat is released
reactants → products + E
endothermic
heat is absorbed
E + reactants → products
what is change in enthalpy?
associated with the internal energy of a system
exergonic
energy is NOT required
spontaneous reaction (-∆G)
endergonic
energy IS required
non-spontaneous reaction (+∆G)
what is change of entropy?
associated with change in randomness
what is the law of conservation os mass?
during a chemical reaction, mass is neither created nor destroyed
components in a chemical equation
state of matter letters (s, l, g, aq)
-, +, →
diatomic molecules
two atoms of the same element combined to make a molecule
H₂, N₂, O₂, F₂, Cl₂, Br₂, and I₂
how to balance equations
a) find the LCD (begin with most complex)
b) trial and error
what is molar mass?
sum of atoms (grams)
1mol = molar mass (grams)
Avogadro’s number
6.02 x 10²³ F.U. = 1mol
F.U. = molecules and atoms
what is a synthesis reaction?
A + B → AB
what is a decomposition reaction?
AB → A + B
what is a single replacement reaction?
A⁺ + B⁺C⁻ → A⁺C⁻ + B⁻
what is a double replacement reaction?
A⁺B⁻ + C⁺D⁻ → A⁺D⁻ + C⁺B⁻
what is a combustion reaction?
HC + O₂ → CO₂ + H₂O + E
what is hydration?
loss or gain of H₂O
what is hydrogenation?
loss or gain of H₂
what is phosphorylation?
loss or gain of PO₄⁻³
a condensation reaction where a phosphate group (P) is bonded to another molecule
hydrolysis
a decomposition reaction involving the breaking of one large organic molecule into smaller molecules with water in the reactant
what is redox: oxidation?
a loss of e⁻
a loss of H₂
a gain of O₂
what is reduction?
a gain of e⁻
a gain of H₂
a loss of O₂
what is an enzyme?
a biological catalyst
what is glycolysis?
a series of chemical reactions in the body that break down glucose, producing energy
what is chemical equilibrium?
a state in a reversible chemical reaction where both the forward and the reverse reactions are occurring at the same rate
what is the activation site?
the location an enzyme where catalysts occur
what is a catalyst?
a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy of the reaction
what is activation energy?
the energy in a chemical reaction necessary for the reactants to collide with enough energy to form products
what is carboxylation?
a type of condensation reaction where a carboxyl group is added to another molecule
what is cellular respiration?
the oxidation of organic substances through a series of chemical reactions within a cell, ultimately producing carbon dioxide, water, and energy
what is free energy (G)?
the amount of energy available to do work
what are factors that affect the rate of a reaction?
concentration of the reactants (the more concentrated the faster it occurs)
temperature
presence of a catalyst (enzymes)
how many reactants there are
what is markovnikov’s rule?
H bonds with the carbon atom with more H
OH bonds with the carbon with more carbons
what is a carbohydrate?
a simple or complex sugar composed of hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon
many are a primary source of energy in a normal diet
what are the 4 different types of carbohydrates?
monosaccharides
disaccharides
oligosaccharides
polysaccharides
what are the different types of monosaccharides?
fructose
glucose
galactose
what are the different types of disaccharides?
lactose (glucose + galactose)
maltose (glucose + glucose)
sucrose (glucose + fructose)
what is an oligosaccharide?
blood types (3-10 sugar units)
what are different types of polysaccharides?
cellulose (trees)
chitin (exoskeleton of insects)
glycogen (animals)
starch (amylose and amylopectin)
what is dietary fiber?
the parts of plant foods your body can’t digest or absorb
what is soluble?
can mix or dissolve with water
what is an example of a soluble food?
oatmeal, apples, peas, beans, etc.
what is insoluble?
does NOT mix or dissolve with water
what is an example of an insoluble food?
whole grain, seeds, brown rice, etc.
D-sugars (fischer projection)
the OH is on the right hand side of the chain
L-sugars (fischer projection)
the OH is on the left hand side of the chain
alcohol (primary 1°)
the center carbon is attached to only one alkyl group
alcohol (secondary 2°)
the center carbon is attached to two alkyl groups
alcohol (tertiary 3°)
the center carbon is attached to three alkyl groups
what are enantiomers?
mirror image
Note 
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