chem test 2

what is organic chemistry?

what is organic chemistry?

carbon containing compounds

what are the properties of inorganic compounds?

high boiling point

high melting point

low flammability

soluble in water

what are the properties of organic compounds?

low boiling point

low melting point

high flammability

not soluble in water

what are the different types of hydrocarbons?

alkanes

alkenes

alkynes

aromatics/cyclo

alkane properties

saturated with hydrogens (H₂)

contains only single bonds

“ane” suffix

what is the formula for alkanes?

CₙH₂ₙ+₂

alkene properties

unsaturated

double bonds

“ene” suffix

what is the formula for alkenes?

CₙH₂ₙ

alkyne properties

unsaturated

triple bonds

“yne” suffix

what is the formula for alkynes?

CₙH₂ₙ-₂

example of an alkane

C₁H₁∙₂+₂ → CH₄

C₂H₂∙₂+₂ → C₂H₆

example of an alkene

C₂H₂∙₂ → C₂H₄

example of an alkyne

C₂H₂∙₂-₂ → C₂H₂

what are aromatics/cyclos?

closed shapes in carbon chains

how many sides do aromatics have?

only 6 sides

how many sides do cyclos have?

only 3-5 sides

what is an alkyl group?

an alkane group with one less hydrogen atom

ex. CH₃

what is a carbonyl group?

a carbon double bonded with an oxygen

ex. C=O

prefixes for gas organic compounds

meth-1

eth-2

prop-3

(1-3)

prefixes for liquid organic compounds

but-4

pent-5

hex-6

hept-7

oct-8

non-9

deca-10

(4-17)

prefixes for solid organic compounds

only 18↑

name and chemical formula

hexane

C₆H₁₄

name and chemical formula

pentene

(2-petene/pent-2-ene)

C₅H₁₀

name and chemical formula

ethyne

C₂H₂

how do you find the name for a branched chain?

a) find longest carbon chain (parent chain)

b) number carbon atoms and identify other branches (count from closest double/triple bond or branch)

c) name branches in alphabetical order

what do you do when there is a closed shape?

put the prefix “cyclo” in front of the name

automatically becomes parent chain

(count from closest branch)

what are the functioning groups?

alcohol

aldehyde

amine (amine/amino)

carboxylic acid

halogens

ketone

phenol

what does alcohol look like?

prefix: ol

OH - C

what does aldehyde look like?

prefix: al

C = O bonded with H

what does amine look like?

prefix: amine/amino

NH₂ - nitrogen bonded with two hydrogens

what does carboxylic acid look like?

prefix: oic

C = O bonded with OH

(double bond)

what do halogens look like?

prefix: o

can contain F, Cl, Br, I

what does ketone look like?

prefix: one

C = O

(NOT bonded with hydrogen)

what does phenol look like?

prefix: ol

closed shape bonded with an OH

what are lipids?

unsaturated fatty acids (mainly nonpolar)

what are substituents?

groups that are bonded to the main carbon chain excluding hydrogen

what are isomers?

molecules with the same molecular formula but different arrangement

what is structural/constitutional?

two molecules having the same molecular formula but a different connectivity of atoms; therefore, different names

what is conformational?

two of the molecules the same, but different arrangement with the same name

what are stereoisomers?

same arrangement, different spatial arrangement

difference between cis and trans

cis: groups on the same side

trans: groups on opposite sides

what is chirality?

molecules that have nonsuperimposable mirror images

(can not be mirror images of each other)

ex. hands

what is a chiral center/carbon?

four different attachments connected to a center carbon

is NEVER on the end

is NEVER on a multiple bond

what is an enantiomer?

compounds that contain at least one chiral carbon that are nonsuperimposable mirror images

what are biomolecules?

the molecules of life

carbohydrates

lipids

nucleic acids

proteins

what are the biomolecule structural appearance differences?

molecular formula, condensed, lewis structure, and skeletal

heteratoms

atoms in an organic compound that of elements other than carbon or hydrogen

resonance hybrid

a representation used to indicate electron sharing among several atoms

what is thermodynamics?

study of the relationship between heat produced or consumed in a chemical reaction

exothermic

heat is released

reactants → products + E

endothermic

heat is absorbed

E + reactants → products

what is change in enthalpy?

associated with the internal energy of a system

exergonic

energy is NOT required

spontaneous reaction (-∆G)

endergonic

energy IS required

non-spontaneous reaction (+∆G)

what is change of entropy?

associated with change in randomness

what is the law of conservation os mass?

during a chemical reaction, mass is neither created nor destroyed

components in a chemical equation

state of matter letters (s, l, g, aq)

-, +, →

diatomic molecules

two atoms of the same element combined to make a molecule

H₂, N₂, O₂, F₂, Cl₂, Br₂, and I₂

how to balance equations

a) find the LCD (begin with most complex)

b) trial and error

what is molar mass?

sum of atoms (grams)

1mol = molar mass (grams)

Avogadro’s number

6.02 x 10²³ F.U. = 1mol

F.U. = molecules and atoms

what is a synthesis reaction?

A + B → AB

what is a decomposition reaction?

AB → A + B

what is a single replacement reaction?

A⁺ + B⁺C⁻ → A⁺C⁻ + B⁻

what is a double replacement reaction?

A⁺B⁻ + C⁺D⁻ → A⁺D⁻ + C⁺B⁻

what is a combustion reaction?

HC + O₂ → CO₂ + H₂O + E

what is hydration?

loss or gain of H₂O

what is hydrogenation?

loss or gain of H₂

what is phosphorylation?

loss or gain of PO₄⁻³

a condensation reaction where a phosphate group (P) is bonded to another molecule

hydrolysis

a decomposition reaction involving the breaking of one large organic molecule into smaller molecules with water in the reactant

what is redox: oxidation?

a loss of e⁻

a loss of H₂

a gain of O₂

what is reduction?

a gain of e⁻

a gain of H₂

a loss of O₂

what is an enzyme?

a biological catalyst

what is glycolysis?

a series of chemical reactions in the body that break down glucose, producing energy

what is chemical equilibrium?

a state in a reversible chemical reaction where both the forward and the reverse reactions are occurring at the same rate

what is the activation site?

the location an enzyme where catalysts occur

what is a catalyst?

a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy of the reaction

what is activation energy?

the energy in a chemical reaction necessary for the reactants to collide with enough energy to form products

what is carboxylation?

a type of condensation reaction where a carboxyl group is added to another molecule

what is cellular respiration?

the oxidation of organic substances through a series of chemical reactions within a cell, ultimately producing carbon dioxide, water, and energy

what is free energy (G)?

the amount of energy available to do work

what are factors that affect the rate of a reaction?

concentration of the reactants (the more concentrated the faster it occurs)

temperature

presence of a catalyst (enzymes)

how many reactants there are

what is markovnikov’s rule?

H bonds with the carbon atom with more H

OH bonds with the carbon with more carbons

what is a carbohydrate?

a simple or complex sugar composed of hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon

many are a primary source of energy in a normal diet

what are the 4 different types of carbohydrates?

monosaccharides

disaccharides

oligosaccharides

polysaccharides

what are the different types of monosaccharides?

fructose

glucose

galactose

what are the different types of disaccharides?

lactose (glucose + galactose)

maltose (glucose + glucose)

sucrose (glucose + fructose)

what is an oligosaccharide?

blood types (3-10 sugar units)

what are different types of polysaccharides?

cellulose (trees)

chitin (exoskeleton of insects)

glycogen (animals)

starch (amylose and amylopectin)

what is dietary fiber?

the parts of plant foods your body can’t digest or absorb

what is soluble?

can mix or dissolve with water

what is an example of a soluble food?

oatmeal, apples, peas, beans, etc.

what is insoluble?

does NOT mix or dissolve with water

what is an example of an insoluble food?

whole grain, seeds, brown rice, etc.

D-sugars (fischer projection)

the OH is on the right hand side of the chain

L-sugars (fischer projection)

the OH is on the left hand side of the chain

alcohol (primary 1°)

the center carbon is attached to only one alkyl group

alcohol (secondary 2°)

the center carbon is attached to two alkyl groups

alcohol (tertiary 3°)

the center carbon is attached to three alkyl groups

what are enantiomers?

mirror image