Untitled Flashcards Set

When was wine first produced in China?

9,000 years ago (9kya)

When was wine first produced in Egypt?

5,000 years ago (5kya)

Define enology.

Science of winemaking.

Define viticulture.

Cultivation of grapes.

What is the difference between red and white wine?

Red skin contains anthocyanins and tannins that give red color.

Where is official champagne made?

In the Champagne region in France.

What happens during the secondary fermentation of champagne?

It creates carbon dioxide in bottles.

How far back is beer dated?

6,000 years ago (6kya).

What are the four components of beer?

Barley malt, starch of cereal grain, hops, yeast, and water.

Explain the germination of barley malt. What does it provide in beer?

Germinated barley grains, dried and crushed. Provides sugars and colors.

What is the percentage of a typical ethanol?

40-50%.

What are the four components of whiskey?

Distilled grain beer: Scotch (malted barley), Bourbon (corn), Rye (rye).

What type of alcohol and oil is absinthe?

Grain alcohol and oil of wormwood.

What does absinthe contain?

Thujone: a psychoactive compound.

Define absinthism.

Neurological damage from absinthe abusers.

How much alcohol has to be consumed to be considered binge drinking?

4-5 drinks within 2 hours.

Describe mushroom nutrition?

Complete protein source; contains vitamins C, D, B's; high fiber, low calorie.

Who discovered Penicillium fungi?

Alexander Fleming.

What does penicillin reduce? How does it reduce it?

Reduces bacterial growth by blocking cell wall synthesis of gram-positive bacteria.

List three of the semisynthetic forms of penicillin.

Amoxicillin, Ampicillin, Methicillin.

What is another antibiotic?

Streptomycin from fungi (Streptomyces).

How has increased bacterial resistance developed?

When not all bacteria are wiped out, resistant genes are passed on.

Where are mycotoxins produced?

Often produced by fungi in contaminated food.

What are the traits of mycotoxins?

Toxic and carcinogenic.

How many forms of mycotoxins have been identified?

Over 300 forms.

List an example of a mycotoxin. What does it cause?

Aflatoxin from Aspergillus flavus; causes increased liver cancer in certain populations.

What can be done to protect the food supply from mycotoxins?

Seal food properly; refrigeration; keep dry food dry.

Which fungus infects cereal grains, ground in flour?

Claviceps purpurea.

What are many of the different toxic alkaloids produced by?

Fungi.

What do alkaloids cause?

Vasoconstriction and various CNS effects.

Why were the symptoms of alkaloids a factor in the Salem witch trials?

The symptoms were misunderstood; ergotism was supported by favorable weather conditions.

What produces lysergic acid alkaloids? It is the basis synthesis of what?

Ergot; basis for synthesis of LSD.

What is the most potent psychoactive drug known?

LSD, which interferes with serotonin.

Explain the trait of amatoxins.

Deadly poisons in various fungi genera.

How are amatoxins toxic?

They inhibit mRNA synthesis, preventing protein formation.

Amanita genus causes what percentages of mushroom fatalities?

95%.

Name the hallucinogenic fungi. What are the effects?

Amanita muscaria; effects include loss of coordination and vivid dreams.

How long have hallucinogenic fungi been used?

1,000 years.

What genus are hallucinogenic fungi a part of?

Psilocybe.

What does Amanita muscaria affect? What are the symptoms?

It affects neurotransmitters causing hallucinations and depression.

Define the type of fungi Dermatophytes are.

Fungi that metabolize keratin on skin, hair, and nails.

What does Tinea capitis form?

Ringworm on scalp.

What is the medical term for Tinea capitis?

Tinea pedis.

How is Tinea pedis transferred?

Person to person.

What are Candida albicans?

Normal part of body’s flora.

Define System mycoses.

Fungal pathogens that infect tissue below the skin.

Explain histoplasmosis.

Fungal spores from bird and bat dung inhaled, infecting lungs with TB-like symptoms.

Explain Coccidioidomycosis.

Saprobes in soil of SW USA infect lungs; may have flu-like symptoms.

How many fungal spores are in the air?

100,000 per square meter (100K/m2).

Are fungal spores seasonal?

Non-seasonal.

Explain Sick Building Syndrome.

Poor ventilation leading to accumulation of contaminants.

What homes are most at risk for Sick Building Syndrome?

Damp/moldy buildings.

What are the plant-like characteristics of fungi?

Cell walls generally contain chitin fibrils.

What domain are fungi in?

Eukaryote.

Are fungi single cells or filaments?

Both.

What is another name for filaments?

Hyphae.

What is a group of hyphae called?

Mycelium.

Is hyphae septate or nonseptate?

Both.

What is the difference between nonseptate hyphae and septate hyphae?

Septate has cell walls separating nuclei; nonseptate is one cell.

How do fungi reproduce?

Both asexually and sexually with spores.

Define plasmogamy.

Fusion of cytoplasm.

Define Karyogamy.

Fusion of two haploid nuclei.

What occurs when karyogamy does not occur immediately after plasmogamy?

Leads to dikaryon: two genetically different nuclei.

Where does spore production occur during asexual reproduction?

Within sporangium or as conidia.

What are chytridiomycota?

Typically parasites of plants, animals, and other fungi.

How is it affecting amphibian life?

Leading to worldwide decline of amphibians.

How was the zygomycota named?

For its thick-walled spore-containing zygosporangia.

Are zygomycota nonseparate or septate?

Mainly nonseptate.

Name an example of zygomycota?

Rhizopus stolonifer (bread mold).

Identify Microsporangium on dung.

Specific structure on dung.

What is an ascomycota?

Sack-fungi.

What makes up ascocarp?

Separate dikaryon.

Describe the cycle for 8 ascospores/asci to form. List examples.

Karyogamy, meiosis, then mitosis; examples include female infectious yeast and athlete's foot fungi.

What fungi grow in Nebraska?

Urbani fresh white truffles.

What is included in ascomycota?

Imperfect fungi.

What is unknown of the ascomycota?

No known sexual stages.

List the antibiotic of ascomycota.

Penicillin.

What can aspergillus cause?

Aspergillosis, a lung infection.

What does geomyces destructans cause?

White nose syndrome in bats.

What are basidomycotas?

Spores produced on basidium: 'club fungi'.

What makes a sporulating body (basidiocarp)?

Dikaryon, septate hyphae.

What produces basidiospores?

Karyogamy and meiosis occur in basidium.

What are the common four forms of basidiomycota?

Mushrooms, puffballs, rusts, smuts.

Describe the difference between parasitic and mutualistic symbiont.

Parasitic harms host; mutualistic benefits host.

What is saprobe?

Nutrients from non-living organic material.

What is mycorrhizae?

Symbiotic association between plant roots and fungi.

What are the mutualistic benefits?

Nutrients and carbohydrates to fungi.

What is ectomycorrhizae?

Forms a mantle around the root.

What is endomycorrhizae?

Hyphae penetrate plant cell walls.

What is the function of lichens?

Symbiosis of fungi and green algae and/or cyanobacteria.

What is the mutualism between lichens and fungi?

Fungi assist algae in photosynthesis.

What conditions can lichens tolerate?

Extreme environments.

Know lichen structure.

Made of fungal and algal components.

Explain the late blight of potato.

Ireland had a famine due to potato blight.

Describe rusts.

Most require alternate hosts and are common on cereal grains.

What is the function of cedar-apple rust?

Allows rust fungi to overinter and for sexual recombination.

How does Dutch Elm disease spread quickly?

Roots underground are connected, blocking water transportation.

What approaches can be used to control fungal diseases?

Diversity of plants and food sources.