Untitled Flashcards Set

1. When was wine first produced in China? In Egypt?

China: 9kya

Egypt: 5kya

2. Define enology.

Science of winemaking

3. Define viticulture.

Cultivation of grapes

4. Explain the difference between red and white wine.

Red skin contains anthocyanins and tannins that give red color

9. Where is official champagne made?

In the champagne region in France

10. What happens during the secondary fermentation of champagne? 

It creates carbon dioxide in bottles

11. How far back is beer dated?

6kya

12. What are the four components of beer?

• Barley malt

• Starch of cereal grain

• Hops: Provides bitterness, maintains foamy head, antimicrobial 

• Yeast

• Water

13. Explain the germination of barley malt. What does it provide in beer?

Germinated barley grains, dried and crushed

Provides sugars and colors

15. What is the percentage of a typical ethanol?

40-50%

18. What are the four components of whiskey?

• Distilled grain beer

• Scotch: malted barley

• Bourbon: corn

• Rye: rye

19. What type of alcohol and oil is absinthe?

Grain alcohol

Oil of wormwood

20. What does absinthe contain?

Thujone: psychoactive compound

21. Define absinthism.

Neurological damage from abusers

23. How much alcohol has to be consumed to be considered binge drinking?

4-5 drinks/2hrs

24. Describe mushroom nutrition?

• Complete protein source

• Vit. C, D, and B’s

• High fiber, low calorie

Chapter 25

1. Who discovered Penicillium fungi?

Alexander Fleming

3. What does penicillin reduce? How does it reduce it?

Reduces bacterial growth

It blocks cell wall synthesis of gram-positive bacteria

5. List three of the semisynthetic forms of penicillin.

• Amoxicillin

• Ampicillin

• Methicillin

8. What is another antibiotic?

Streptomycin from fungi Streptomyces

10. With the increased bacterial resistance to antibiotics, infectious diseases are once again on the rise. How has this problem developed?

When not all of the bacteria is wiped out, and the genes that combat it are passed on making it resistant. Bacteria are also able to reproduce quickly as well.

11. Where are mycotoxins produced?

Often produce by fungi in contaminated food

12. What are the traits of mycotoxins?

Toxic and carcinogenic

13. How many forms of mycotoxins have been identified?

Over 300 forms

14. List an example of a mycotoxin. What does it cause?

Aflatoxin from Aspergillus flavus

Cause increased liver cancer in Asian and African populations

15. What can be done to protect the food supply from mycotoxins?

• Seal food properly

• Refrigeration

• Keep dry food dry

16. Which fungus infects cereal grains, ground in flour?

Claviceps purpurea

17. What are many of the different toxic alkaloids produced by?

Fungi

18. What do alkaloids cause?

Vasoconstriction (muscle pain, burning sensation, miscarriage, and CNS effects hallucinations, death)

19. Why were the symptoms of alkaloids a factor in the Salem witch trials?

They did not understand what was happening and the weather conditions was favorable for ergotism

20. What produces lysergic acid alkaloids? It is the basis synthesis of what?

Ergot

Basis for synthesis of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)

21. What is the most potent psychoactive drug known? What does it interfere with?

LSD, interferes with neurotransmitter serotonin

22. Explain the trait of amatoxins.

Deadly poisons in various fungi genera

25. How are amatoxins toxic?

Inhibits mRNA synthesis

Proteins cannot form/inhibits translation and transcription

26. Amanita genus causes what percentages of mushroom fatalities?

95%

27. Name the hallucinogenic fungi. What are the effects?

Amanita muscaria 

Loss of coordination, vivid dreams, and distortions

28. How long has hallucinogenic fungi used for?

1000 years

29. What genus are Hallucinogenic fungi a part of?

Psilocybe

30. What does Amanita muscaria affect? What are the symptoms?

Affects neurotransmitter

• Hallucinations

• Depression 

• Paralysis

33. Define the type of fungi Dermatophytes are.

Fungi that metabolize keratin on skin, hair, and nails

34. What does Tinea capitis form?

Ringworm on scalp caused by various species

35. What is the medical term for Tinea capitis?

Tinea pedis

36. How is Tinea pedis transferred?

Person to person

37. What are Candida albicans?

Normal part of body’s 

38. Define System mycoses.

Fungal pathogens that infect tissue below the skin: typically chronic, slow developing

39. Explain histoplasmosis.

Fungal spores from bird and bat dung, inhaled and infect lungs, with TB-like symptoms; E, Mid USA

40. Explain Coccidioidomycosis.

Saprobe in soil of SW USA, spores infect lungs; symptoms none, flu-like. Can be fatal

41. How many fungal spores are in the air?

100K/m2 

42. Are fungal spores seasonal?

Non-seasonal (whenever ground is not covered in ice/snow

43. Explain Sick Building Syndrome.

Poor ventilation leading to accumulation of chemical and biological contaminants

44. What homes are the most at risk for Sick Building Syndrome?

People occupying damp/moldy buildings at increased risk of respiratory problems and allergic reactions

1. What are the plant-like characteristics of fungi?

Cell walls generally contain chitin fibrils

2. What domain are fungi in?

Eukaryote

3. Are fungi single cells or filaments?

Both

4. What is another name for filaments?

Hyphae

5. What is a group of hyphae called?

Mycelium

6. Is hyphae septate or nonseptate?

Both

7.  What is the difference between nonseptate hyphae and septate hyphae?

Septate has cell walls separating the nuclei while nonseptate is considered as one cell

8. How do fungi reproduce?

Both asexually and sexually with spores

9. Define plasmogamy.

Fusion of cytoplasm 

10. Define Karyogamy.

Fusion of two haploid nuclei

11. What occurs when karyogamy does not occur immediately after plasmogamy?

Leads to dikaryon: two genetically different nuclei/cell

12. Where does spore production occur during asexual reproduction?

Within sporangium or as condia w/o enclosure

13. What are chytridiomycota?

Typically parasites of plants, animals, and other fungi

14. How is it affecting amphibian life?

Resulting in the world-wide decline of amphibians via dermal cells reducing respiration

15. How was the zygomycota named after?

For its thick-walled spore-containing zygosporangia

16. Are zygomycota nonsepatate or sepatate?

Mainly nonseptate

17. Name an example of zygomycota?

Rhizopus stolonifer (bread mold)

18. Identify

Microsporangium on dung

19. What is an ascomycota?

Sack-fungi

20. What makes up ascocarp?

Separate dikaryon

21. Describe the cycle for 8 ascospores/asci to form. List examples.

Karyogamy, meiosis, then mitosis 

• Years

• Female infectious yeast

• Athletes foot fungi

22.  What fungi grows in Nebraska?

Urbani fresh white truffles

23. What is included in ascomycota?

Imperfect fungi

24. What is unknown of the ascomycota?

No known sexual stages

25. List the antibiotic of ascomycota?

penicillium/penicillin

26. What can aspergillus cause? 

Aspergillosis, lung infection cystic fibrosis or asthma patients more susceptible 

27. What does geomyces destructans cause?

Causes white nose syndrome in insect-eating bats: 90% mortality in two species

28. What are basidomycotas?

Spores produced on basidium: tiny pegs or clubs, ‘club fungi’

29. What makes a sporulating body (basidiocarp)?

Dikaryon, septate hyphae

30. What produces basidiospores?

Karyogamy and meiosis occur in the basidium producing basidiospores

31. What are the common four forms?

• Mushrooms

• Puffballs

• Rusts

• Smuts 

32. Describe the difference between parasitic and mutualistic symbiont.

Parasitic harms host mutualistic benefits host

33. What is saprobe?

Nutrients from non-living organic material (decomposition)

34.  What is mycorrhizae?

Symbiotic association between plant roots and fungi

35. What are the mutualistic benefits?

Nutrients and carbohydrates to fungi

36. What is ectomycorrhizae?

Mostly basidiomycetes, forma  mantle around the root

37. What is endomycorrhizae?

Hyphae penetrate plant cell walls

38. What is the function of lichens?

Symbiosis of fungi and green algae and/or cyanobacteria

39. What is the mutualism between lichens and fungi?

Fungi is the photosynthetic partner and algae can live in trees and rocks (different environments)

40. What conditions can lichens tolerate?

Extreme environments

41. Know Lichen structure.

42.  Explain the late blight of potato.

When Ireland  had a famine due to low stocks of potatoes, so many of the people had to immigrate to the United States.

43. Describe rusts.

• Most require alternate hosts

• Common on cereal grains

44. What is the function of cedar-apple rust?

• Allows rust fungi to overinter. In apple fungi in leaves and fruit

• Allows for sexual recombination (apple)

45. How does Dutch Elm disease spread disease quickly?

• The roots underground are connected

• Blocks xylem(no way for water and nutrients to be transported)

46. What approaches can be used to control fungal diseases without the widespread use of fungicides?

Diversity of plants and food sources