culutral anthropology final exam

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100 Terms

1
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What does the presence of the Bulgogi burger on the McDonald’s menu in South Korea suggest?

Global phenomena like McDonlad’s can be modified to reflect local culture.

2
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Marin is a cultural anthropologist who wants to better understand the lives of women working in sugarcane plantations in Brazil. Which primary research strategy would allow her to best gain a holistic perspective of the women’s lives?

Firsthand ethnographic fieldwork

3
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What is an obstacle that ethnographers will likely need to overcome in their own personal lives while conducting long-term fieldwork?

Recognizing and becoming aware of their own identities and biases, which can influence how and what they learn.

4
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The roots of today’s anthropology emerged from intense globalization of the late nineteenth century. The stories shared by merchants, colonial administrators, and missionaries produced which of the following?

intense curiosity about the nature of other unknown lands and peoples.

5
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Ten-year-old Davi is getting dressed to go to a wedding at a synagogue. When his parents see that he’s wearing jeans and a T-shirt, they tell him that he needs to wear a suit instead. What are Davi’s parents teaching him?

norms

6
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The words day and pay might sound like the same word to a nonnative speaker of English, but they have very different meanings. A linguist would identify the d and p sounds as different

phonemes

7
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The idiom, "A shrimp's back breaks in a whale fight," conveys that small or weak parties are often harmed when larger, more powerful entities conflict.  Which country use this idiom?

Korea

8
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Which of the following factors most influence the development of English accents in different regions?

Geographical boundaries, such as mountains

9
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In many European and Latin American cultures, people commonly greet one another with a kiss on the cheek. In the United States, people are more likely to greet one another with a hug or a handshake. An anthropologist would call these _____ actions, in that they are gestures that communicate a collectively understood meaning within the context of each culture.

symbolic

10
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In 2009, newly elected president Barack Obama visited a famous eatery in Washington, D.C., and, after paying his tab, he was asked by the cashier if he wanted his change. The president replied, “Nah, we straight.” Which of the following did the president do?

code-switched

11
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Pablo is an anthropologist studying the Japanese tea ceremony. He considers Japanese religion and history, as well as social relations, the politics of gender, and the language used to talk about the tea ceremony. Pablo’s approach to studying the Japanese tea ceremony is an example of what aspect of anthropology?

cultural anthropology

12
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Which aspect of ethnographic fieldwork fits more with art than with science?

building relationships of trust and risking mutual transformation

13
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Language can be a form of cultural capital that is used to reinforce power dynamics established by a culture’s institutions. What is the kind of languageused to establish this “norm” against which all speakers are judged called?

prestige language

14
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J.C. often finds himself frustrated with his professor's inability to master the Learning Management System at the university.  To him, the professor never seems to have materials uploaded in the correct place, never gets log-on credentials to work, etc.  His frustration most likely stems from his own (i.e., J.C.'s) status as a (an)

digital native.

15
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<p><span style="color: rgb(45, 59, 69)">Which of the following statements is </span><strong>NOT</strong><span style="color: rgb(45, 59, 69)"> true based on the decision-making styles shown in the chart below?</span></p>

Which of the following statements is NOT true based on the decision-making styles shown in the chart below?

Germany is positioned closer to the top-down decision-making style than the United States.

16
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Sitting in your anthropology class helps you learn about culture through formal instruction. You can also learn about culture informally, through interactions with family, friends, and the media. What is this process of learning culture called?

enculturation

17
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More than half of anthropologists today work in applied anthropology. Applied anthropology refers to when anthropologists

work outside of academia and apply anthropology to address current world problems.

18
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Which of the following countries does NOT belong to the category of high-context communication cultures?

The United States

19
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Why is it important to consider power when analyzing the dynamics of cultural appropriation?

Cultural appropriation occurs when a more powerful group takes aspects of a subordinate group’s culture for personal or corporate gain, using those taken elements in ways considered offensive to members of the source community.

20
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Anthropologists conducting fieldwork may experience a particular kind of disorientation from the “strangeness” they discover. Which term is used to describe this experience?

culture shock

21
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Ethnographic fieldworks help anthropologists capture the _______(insider) perspective rather than imposing an ____ (outsider) framework.

emic; etic

22
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A linguist who is studying how a group of people use noises such as laughing and crying to convey emotional information is studying

paralanguage.

23
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What are the four key dynamics of globalization?

increasing migration, flexible accumulation, time-space compression, uneven development

24
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Your new smartphone was manufactured in Shenzhen, China, where environmental and labor laws are more lenient than in the United States, and its software development was outsourced to Hyderabad, India, where wages for programmers are lower. These strategies, which use transportation and communications technologies to maximize profits, are known as

flexible accumulation.

25
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Monosyllabic words such as house or car are examples of

morphemes

26
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of culture?

Culture is static and unchanging over time.

27
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Which term describes the process that reduces cultural diversity due to foreign influences that inundate local practices, products, and ways of thinking?

homogenization

28
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What are the four fields of anthropology?

biological anthropology, archaeology, linguistic anthropology, cultural anthropology

29
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The idea that different languages shape different ways of thinking and acting is called

the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis.

30
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What do we call the system of human communication that is based on a set of symbols, such as words, sounds, and gestures?

language

31
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Cultural anthropologists often spend a great deal of time in the communities in which they conduct research, asking questions as people work, celebrate, dance, or play games. What is the term used for this process?

participant observation

32
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Anthropologists have uncovered evidence of vast trade networks throughout the entire continent of North America that long predate the arrival of Europeans. The exchange of cultural forms, practices, values, and technologies that can occur through material exchange is an example of

diffusion

33
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Which of the following is true about Confucianism?

It is a philosophical, moral, and ethical belief system that focuses on social harmony, duty, and proper relationships.

34
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Which approach would allow an anthropologist to examine the similarities and differences between two societies’ cultural norms and behaviors?

cross-cultural and comparative analysis

35
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Horace Miner wrote “Body Ritual among the Nacirema” (1956) to

make the familiar strange.

36
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One way in which anthropologists try to protect informants’ anonymity is by

referring to individuals in both research notes and publications using alternate names or codes.

37
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Historically, European languages initially spread throughout the world and became globally dominant as a result of

early colonial expansion.

38
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Uneven development is one of the key dynamics of globalization. What is “uneven” about development?

The global economy creates great wealth and also extreme poverty.

39
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Jihoon, an exchange student, was very happy when he saw his nice, comfortable room, so he smiled and made a circle with his index finger and thumb, with his other fingers sticking out. His host mother was so upset that she called the school principal to complain. How would an linguistic anthropologist explain what went wrong?

The meaning of gestures is not universal.

40
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Which of the following statements is NOT true?

Arabic is not one of the official languages of the United Nations.

41
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Which of the following is NOT one of the Five Relationships (五伦) in Confucian teachings?

Employer-employee

42
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<p>Which of the following statements best describes the confrontation style of different cultures based on the chart below?</p><p><br></p>

Which of the following statements best describes the confrontation style of different cultures based on the chart below?


Israel and Germany are among the most confrontational cultures, while Japan and Thailand tend to avoid confrontation.

43
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Dr. Kim has emphasized three biblical principles for the class. Which of the following is NOT one of those principles?

Excellence

44
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Max Weinreich famously said "A _________ is a _____ with an Army and a Navy"

language; dialect

45
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Which of the following statements best reflects the idea that an accent is a form of identity?


An accent can reflect a person's cultural, regional, or social identity, influencing how they are perceived by others.

46
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The anthropological practice of sharing ethnographic information on particular communities with nonanthropological institutions such as the military has been questioned within the discipline of anthropology under

a directive called “do no harm.”

47
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Why does an anthropologist obtain informed consent from research subjects?

to ensure that research subjects agree to participate

48
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Which term refers to all the names, ideas, and events in a language?

lexicon

49
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Despite some anthropologists’ and activists’ fears that globalization would reduce cultural diversity through homogenization, the outcome of many global encounters has led to a mixing of elements from other cultures into a community’s beliefs and practices. This is called

hybridization.

50
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How does the four-field approach contribute to a comprehensive view of human cultures?

it looks at the whole picture of human life- culture, biology, history, and language- across space and time.

51
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Contemporary worldwide racism and the notion of race itself are historically rooted in which practice?

colonialism

52
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What is true about systems of class and inequality?

They create an unequal distribution of a society’s resources.

53
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Studies of ranked societies demonstrate that

wealth and social status are not always linked.

54
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What is the root of extreme stratification in today's world?

Intensive agriculture and rising populations created new opportunities to concentrate wealth.

55
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Which of the following is a demeaning historical term for interracial marriage?

miscegenation

56
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Of all the systems of stratification and power in a society, which of the following is the most difficult to see clearly and to discuss openly?

class

57
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Max Weber argued that class stratification does not just happen. Identify the most important way that the state influences class stratification.

The state perpetuates class stratification through its exercise of power.

58
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President Barack Obama’s mother was a white woman from Kansas and his father was a Black man from Kenya. Which deeply embedded concept of racial division is revealed by the way people regard his race and even debate his birthplace?

hypodescent

59
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Which of the following is true about the caste system in India, particularly regarding the Dalits?

Dalits have historically faced social exclusion and discrimination, as they are considered outside the traditional four-fold caste system.

60
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How did Pierre Bourdieu find that the idea of meritocracy, where all students should have equal opportunity to advance, was invalid in schools?

Habitus and cultural capital provided uneven access to academic success.

61
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What contributes to the construction of class in the United States?

Income, cultural capital, and wealth

62
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What is true about systems of class and inequality?

They create an unequal distribution of a society’s resources

63
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How did Karl Marx explain the social and economic upheaval that resulted from the Industrial Revolution?

The conflict between the bourgeoisie who owned the means of production and the proletariat who owned only his labor.

64
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Generally, Latinos include people from the following countries except:

Spain

65
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After a round of golf, the wealthy housewives gossip about their absent friend’s son who had to go to his “safety school” (a state college instead of the Ivy League universities that accepted their children). According to Weber, this fact is considered scandalous because

people of the same social class share similar life chances.

66
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Which group was considered White when they first entered the United States?

None of the following: Eastern European people, Italian people, and Irish people

67
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Although some kinship relationships are established through biology or common descent, others are established through marriage. What do anthropologists call relationships established through marriage or alliance?

affinal

68
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People from the Middle East have been considered “white” in the United States for some time, but since September 11, anyone with brown skin who seems foreign is now considered “different” and possibly an enemy. This is an example of

racialization.

69
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Myanmar’s military seems determined to erase the Rohingya from the nation’s history and ultimately the planet. This is an example of

genocide

70
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Stratification and inequality became more pronounced in industrialized capitalist societies in recent centuries, and this uneven development is accelerating under the forces of globalization. Which country has some of the highest levels of economic inequality?

the United States

71
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Analysis of descent groups allows anthropologists to

trace who counts as a “relative” in different cultural contexts.

72
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The Occupy Wall Street movement was

a protest against income inequality in the United States.

73
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Which theorist focuses most on the concept of intersectionality?

Leith Mullings

74
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Groups of people living outside their homelands but maintaining strong emotional and material ties to them are referred to as

a diaspora

75
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The self-perceptions, sensibilities, and tastes developed over a lifetime that shape one’s conceptions of the world and where one fits in it is called

habitus

76
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What does an ethnic boundary marker signify?

who is in a group and who is not

77
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Which term describes the idea that government policies should favor people born in the United States over immigrants such as Mexicans or Canadians (legal or otherwise)?

nativism

78
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Nationality is

an identification with a group of people thought to share a place of origin.

79
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Which of the following societies does not practice forms of egalitarianism based on reciprocity and communal sharing?

The Uyghurs

80
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The expectations of thought and behavior that each culture assigns to people of different sexes is

gender

81
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What metaphor has been used to describe the process of immigrant assimilation into U.S. dominant culture?

melting pot

82
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The parents of an upper-class family in the United States send their two children to a private boarding school and then to an elite college. Both children marry other members of the upper class, whom they met at school. Their parents encouraged what kind of an arranged marriage?

class endogamy

83
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A citizen of the modern state of Israel is called

Israeli

84
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Adolf Hitler infamously mobilized both propaganda and laws to affirm a white supremacist “Aryan” identity and to identify those who were not “Aryan” as substandard and dangerous. Hitler was an example of a(n)

identity entrepreneur.

85
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According to Marx, why were the proletariat unable to develop a political awareness of their class position while the bourgeoisie were able to do so?

The proletariat were continually occupied with the struggle to make ends meet, while the bourgeoisie developed ways to keep the proletariat divided.

86
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Which of the following is NOT true about income inequality in the US?

Gender and race are not associated with income inequality.

87
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A person may inherit a genetic pattern for above-average height yet may only reach average height due to poor nutrition. What is this an expression of?

phenotype

88
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Members of a clan

claim a common founding ancestor but lack genealogical documentation.

89
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Peggy McIntosh highlights how white people have inherited an “invisible package of unearned assets.” These assets can include going to a store without being followed by security, dressing in secondhand clothes without being labeled as poor, or feeling safe around the police. These assets are examples of

white privilege.

90
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Karl Marx said those who owned the means of production wanted workers to produce more for less to generate __________ for the owners.

greater profits

91
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In the United States descent groups like the Rockefellers or the Kennedys are extremely rare. Yet for the Nuer of southern Sudan, the descent group defined their kinship relationships. Since both boys and girls were born into the group, membership was determined through the sons. Evans-Pritchard described that relationship as a(n)

patrilineal descent group

92
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Which components of the so-called American Dream narrative affect how many Americans view class and inequality?

The United States is a meritocracy, meaning that life circumstances can be improved through hard work.

93
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Your best friend, who has recently graduated with honors from Harvard University, arrives at a party you are hosting. Despite being a total stranger to all the guests, your friend is surrounded almost constantly by others throughout the entire evening. How would a theorist like Max Weber analyze this situation?

Your friend enjoys high prestige due primarily to the affiliation with a high-prestige university.

94
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Which of the following matches is incorrect?

polygamy - marriage of a man to another man

95
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Our understandings of race in the United States today are rooted in

Colonization and the transatlantic slave trade

96
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What is one reason Americans have difficulty acknowledging the continuing existence of racism in the United States?

People believe that mainstream U.S. society is a meritocracy.

97
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What is the primary difference between assimilation and multiculturalism?

Assimilation implies a loss of ethnic identity.

98
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Carmen’s parents enroll her in Advanced Placement French, where the content of the class is more academically demanding than the general French class. The family spends summer vacation in France and the parents hire a tutor to help Carmen study for the Advanced Placement French test. Carmen receives high marks and praise from her teachers. What aspect of Pierre Bourdieu’s work is exemplified here?

cultural capital

99
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Which term describes all the inherited genetic factors that provide the framework for an organism’s physical form?

genotype

100
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Pierre Bourdieu investigated the relationship between class, culture, and power by studying schools in France, with the expectation of finding that social mobility was the result of meritocracy. What did he discover instead?

Social relations were reproduced across generations.