Ap Human Geography: Unit 2 ~ Population and Migration Patterns and Processes ~

Ap Human Geography: Unit 2 ~ Population and Migration Patterns and Processes ~

Demography/Demographics

The scientific study of population characteristics

Population Distributions

Spatial patterns in populations

Population concentrations

Measure of how evenly or uneven distributed the people are

Population clusters

places where population is clustered

Ecumene

The portion of the earth’s surface occupied by permanent area of arable land

Population Density

number of people who live in a defined area

Arithmetic or Crude population density

The total number of objects in an area

Physiological population density

The number of people per unit of arable land

Agricultural population density

The ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land

Carrying capacity

The max population size of a species that the environment can sustain with the given available resources

Overpopulation

Occurs when the number of people exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living

Population pyramids

A bar graph that shows the distribution of a population by age and sex

Sex ratio

Number of males per 100 females in the population

Age Structures

number of people in different age categories in a given population at a given time

Dependency ratio

number of people under 15 and 65+ compared to the number of people active in the labor force

old age ratio

65+ (age)

Young age ratio

15 and below

Total fertility rate (TFR)

the average number of children a woman will have throughout her child bearing years

Crude birth rate (CBR)

Total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people above on the society

Women and Demographic change

As women become more economically involved the fertility rate drops

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society

Infant mortality rate (IMR)

Total number of deaths in a year among infants under a year of age for every 1,00 live births in a society

Life Expectancy

The average number of years a person can be expected to live given the current social, economic, and medical conditions. (for at birth average number a newborn is expected to live)

Natural rate of increase (NRI)

percentage of growth in a population in a year (CBR-CDR)

Population-doubling time

number of years needed to double a population assuming constant NRI

Demographic momentum

tendency for growing populations to continue growing after the fertility rate decline

Replacement level/Zero population growth

the level at which each generation replaces itself with an equal number of offspring (2 usually)

Demographic transition model (DTM)

Process of change in a society’s population from a condition of high CBR and CDR and low NRI to a condition of low CBR and CDR and low NRI and high total population

Epidemiological Transition Model (ETM)

process of change in the distinctive cause of death in each stage of the DTM

Malthus and Malthusian Theory

human population would grow faster than food supply

Neo- Malthusians

In our time and agrees with malthus

Ester Boserup

Disagrees with malthus because population pressure stimulus societies to innovate and produce more food and other resources

Pro Natalist population polices

government policy that supports higher birth rates

Anti Natalist population policies

Government policy that supports lower birth rates

Mobility

all types of movement between locations

Migration

A form of relocation diffusion involving a permanent move to a new location

Net in migration

number of immigrants is bigger than the number of Emigrants (Usually developed countries)

Net out migration

the number of Emigrants is bigger than the number of immigrants (usually in periphery countries)

Transhumance

seasonal movement

Emigration

migrating away from a location (leaving)

Immigration

Migrating to a new location (going to)

Brain Drain

Large scale emigration by talented people

Brain Gain

Large scale immigration by talented people

Migration transition model

a theory that explains how migration patterns change over time as countries undergo economic and social development.

Ravenstein’s laws of migration

they attempt to explain and predict migration patterns.

- most migrants only move a short distance

-urban residents are less migratory than rural residents

-every migration flow creates a counter-flow

Push factors

A reason to leave a place

Pull factors

A reason to go to a new place

Example of political pull and push factors

pull- political freedom; political stability/ peace

push-war; human rights violations

Example of Economic pull and push factors

pull- job opportunities

push-high taxation;lack of jobs; poverty

Example of Environmental pull and push factors

pull-wanting to live in a certain environment

push-natural disasters; pollution

Example of Social/cultural pull and push factors

pull- Religious freedom

push-slavery; ethnic cleansing

intervening opportunities/obstacles

An environmental or cultural feature on the landscape that hinders migration

Forced migration

the involuntary movement of people who fear harm or death. (Ex: slavery)

Refugee

people who are forced to migrate from their home country and cannot return in fear of persecution because of their race, religion, nationality, membership in a social group, or political opinion

Internally displaced person (IDP)

someone who has been forced to migrate for similar reasons to the refugee but has not migrated across and international border

Asylum seeker

someone who has migrated to another country in hope of being recognized as a refugee

Voluntary migration

Permanent movement undertaken by choice

Chain migration

a process by which multiple members of some group move to the same place (and in a way follow each other)

Step migration

migration that follows a path, series of stages, or steps towards final destination

Guest Worker

a worker who migrated to the developed countries for higher paying jobs

Repatriation

going back to their home country after being a refugee

Some examples of consequences of migration (social, economic, political, and demographic)

social/cultural: assimilation;cultural clash;discrimination;segregation

political:asylum seekers; refugees

demographic: population and demographic change

Remittances

transfer of money by workers to people in the country from which they emigrated

Transnational/international migration

permanent movement from one country to another

internal

permanent movement with in a particular country

interregional

permanent movement from one country to another (ex: rural to urban)

Intraregional

permanent movement with one region of a country (ex:urban to suburban)