Mircobiology exam 1

Domain Bacteria

One of the three major domains of life(Located everywhere)

consisting of unicellular prokaryotic organisms

characterized by the absence of a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

They play crucial roles in various ecological processes.

The majority have a cell wall with peptidoglycan

Inhibits body

Can help aid in human digestoin but can also cause diseases.

Domain Archaea

Another major domain of life comprises unicellular prokaryotic organisms

characterized by unique membrane lipids and ribosomal RNA distinct from bacteria.

They are often found in extreme environments.

play important roles in various biochemical cycles.

Lack of peptidoglycan in cellwalls

Some have unusual metabolic characteristics, such as the ability to generate methane (natural) gas.

Does not directly causes diseases in humans

microbiology

study of living things too small to be seen without
magnification

microbes

Microscopic organisms or infectious agents that are generally invisible to the naked eye.

Essential for life due to their role in oxygen production. decomposition and human microbiome.

Prokaryotic cells

• contents that are not divided into
  compartments by membranes’

• Typically smaller and simpler than eukaryotic cells, with genetic material arranged in a nucleoid region.

Eukaryotic cells

• nucleus and membrane-bound
  organelles

• separate some cellular materials and processes from others.

• Had genetic material(DNA)

cellular microbes

Microorganisms composed of 11 or more cells.

Includes both prokaryotic and Eukaryotic microbes

Lack differentiated tissues.

Domain Eukarya

• organisms whose cells contain a true, membrane‑bound nucleus and complex internal structures.

• includes plants, animals, and microorganisms classified as protists or fungi.

Protists

Unicellular

Larger than Bacteria and Archaea

Includes Algae and Protozoa

Algae

• common term for several unrelated groups of photosynthetic eukaryotic microorganism

So more of plants

Protozoa

• animal-like metabolism

• Similar because of their similar nutritions

Fungi

• A diverse group of microorganisms that range from unicellular forms (yeasts) to molds and mushrooms(multicellular)

• Eukaryotic

• Chitin cell walls

• Absorbs nutrients from their environments

• not photosynthetic

• Produces antibiotics and decomposes dead organisms.

Hypae

long, thread‑like filaments that make up the body of multicellular fungi.

• Produces spores for reproducton

• grow at the tips

Viruses

Have no cells

Must have a host cell to invade to be able to reproduce

The smallest of all microbes

cause many animal and plant diseases, and have shaped human history.

important in aquatic environments, where they play a critical role in shaping microbial communities

Viroids

Infectious agents that are composed of RNA

Causes numerous plant diseases

virions

The physical particle that exists outside cells and transmits infection

Simplest virus particles

can have either DNA or RNA

No metabolism and replication

Satellites

• Nucleic acid enclosed in a protein shell

• Must coinfect a host cell with a virus to complete the life cycle

• Can cause both animals and plants diseases

Prions

• cause of mad cow

• Infecious

• Made up of just proteins

Ribozymes

• RNA molecules act as enzymes

• Without proteins, they can catalyze biochemical reactions.

Cyanobacteria

• A type of bacteria that produces oxygen

• Ancient role in shaping Earth atmosphere

SSU rRNA

• forms the structural and functional core of the small ribosomal subunit

• 16(prokaryotes)

• 18(Eukaryotes)

Axenic culture

pure culture that contains only one single species or strain of microorganism, with no contaminants and no other living organisms present

1 Angstrom

1×10^-10 meters

What does light do when going from one medium to another ?

Light is refracted (bent) when passing

Refraction index

• measure of how greatly a substance slows the velocity of light

Example of refraction index

• when light passes from air into glass, which has a greater refractive index, it is slowed and bent toward the normal, a line perpendicular to the surface

focal length

• measurement that tells you how strongly a lens bends (or “focuses”) light.

• determines how strongly a lens bends light and directly affects magnification and field of view

focal point

parallel rays of light converge after passing through a convex lens

So basically where the light meets

Sterilization

Destruction or removal of all viable organisms

Disinfection

Killing, inhibition, or removal of diseases causing(pathogenic) organisms

Sanitation

• Lowest level

Reduction of microbial population to levels deemed safe (based on public health standards)

Chemotherapy

use of chemical to kill or inhibit growth

Cidal agents

Kills the pathogens (bactreria, fungi and virus)

Static agents

Inhibits growth of bacteria and fungi

FActs of MIcobial death

• It is not a death instantly