AP Bio-enzymes

kinetic energy

energy of motion

potential energy

stored energy

chemical energy

energy stored in chemical bonds

thermodynamics

the transfer of energy as it’s passed from molecule to molecule

anabolic

small molecules that combine and become large molecules

catabolic

large molecules that break down into small molecules

spontaneous reaction

releases free energy, reactants have more free energy

nonspontaneous reaction

consumes free energy, products have more free energy

catalysts

increases the rate of chemical reactions but emerges from the process unaltered

exergonic

releases free energy

endergonic

requires free energy

activation energy

input of energy needed to reach transition state

transition state

time in reactions when chem bonds in reactants are broken and new bonds in products are formed

substrate

reactant

active site

portion of enzyme made up of amino acids that binds substrate & converts to product

activators

increase activity of enzymes

inhibitors

decrease activity

irreversible inhibitor

substances that permanently inactivate an enzyme by forming a strong, often covalent bond at the active site, which blocks the substrate from binding

reversible inhibitor

temporarily binds to an enzyme via non-covalent interactions, slowing its activity without permanently altering it, and can be easily removed to restore the enzyme's normal function

competitive inhibitor

molecules that compete with a substrate for binding to an enzyme's active site

allosteric site

a site other than the active site for a noncompetitive inhibitor to bind

allosteric enzymes

regulatory enzymes that change their catalytic activity upon binding a molecule at a site other than the active site

noncompetitive inhibitor

a substance that reduces an enzyme's activity by binding to a site other than the active site, altering the enzyme's shape

metabolic pathway

a series of connected chemical reactions within a cell that convert one molecule into another through a sequence of steps

ATP

ADP

AMP

1st law of thermodyamics

law of conservation of energy, states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted from one form to another

2nd law of thermodynamics

some of the energy recycled from previous reaction is unusable/entropy

entropy

unavailability of thermal energy

forward reaction

reaction from left to right, reactants are converted into products

reverse reaction

products are converted back into reactants, right to left

Gibbs Free Energy (G)

a thermodynamic potential that measures the maximum amount of non-expansion work a system can perform at constant temperature and pressure.

Endergonic

requires input of energy, absorbs more free energy than it releases

Exergonic

releases free energy

energetic coupling

the process where energy released from one reaction (exergonic) is used to drive another reaction that requires energy (endergonic)

catabolism

the metabolic process where complex molecules are broken down into simpler ones, releasing energy to fuel the body

anabolism

the set of metabolic processes that build complex molecules from simpler ones, requiring energy to do so