apush test #3, ~1862 - ~1900 (units 5.8 - 7.4?)

original by Cora_1056 on Quizlet, adapted for the most recent key terms list published

Antietam

After this "win" for the North, Lincoln announced the Emancipation Proclamation

Emancipation Proclamation

declared that all slaves in the confederate states would be free

Radical Republicans

After the Civil War, a group that believed the South should be harshly punished and thought that Lincoln was sometimes too compassionate towards the South.

Copperheads

Northern Democrats who favored peace with the South

Gettysburg

Turning point of the Civil War. Confederate loss.

Overland Campaign

Grant started this campaign in a brutal attempt to end the war. Grant just kept pushing Lee south towards Petersburg.

Appomattox Court House

Famous as the site of the surrender of the Confederate Army under Robert E. Lee to Union commander Ulysses S. Grant

Sherman's March to the Sea

Brutal march by union to destroy everything in path. Hurt south a lot.

James Longstreet

led Pickett's charge on the third day of the Battle of Gettysburg, Lee's right hand man after Stonewall dies.

Robert E. Lee

Commander of the Confederate Army

Stonewall Jackson

Brave commander of the Confederate Army that led troops at Bull Run. He died in the confusion at the Battle of Chancellorsville.

Presidential Reconstruction

was the President's idea of reconstruction : all states had to end slavery, states had to declare that their secession was illegal, and men had to pledge their loyalty to the U.S.

10% Plan

it proclaimed that a state could be reintegrated into the Union when 10% of its voters in the 1860 election pledged their allegiance to the U.S. This plan was very lenient to the South, would have meant an easy reconstruction.

John Wilkes Booth

Assassinated Abraham Lincoln

Ford's Theatre

Where Lincoln was shot

Ex Parte Milligan

Civil War Era case in which the Supreme Court ruled that military tribunals could not be used to try civilians if civil courts were open.

Freedmen's Bureau

helped ex-slaves

"40 Acres and a Mule"

false promise to ex-slaves

13th Amendment

abolished slavery

Oliver O. Howard

Head of the Freedmen's Bureau which was

Fisk, Morehouse, Howard University

Black universities

Wade-Davis Bill

1864 Proposed far more demanding and stringent terms for reconstruction; required 50% of the voters of a state to take the loyalty oath and permitted only non-confederates to vote for a new state constitution; Lincoln refused to sign the bill, pocket vetoing it after Congress adjourned.

Thaddeus Stevens, Charles Sumner

leaders of the Radical Republicans

Andrew Johnson

17th President of the United States, A Southerner form Tennessee, as V.P. when Lincoln was killed, he became president. He opposed radical Republicans who passed Reconstruction Acts over his veto. The first U.S. president to be impeached, he survived the Senate removal by only one vote. He was a very weak president.

Pardons

pardoning of confederates by johnson

Black Codes

Laws denying most legal rights to newly freed slaves; passed by southern states following the Civil War

Civil Rights Act of 1866, 1875

Passed by Congress on 9th April 1866 over the veto of President Andrew Johnson.

Johnson's Swing Around the Circle

speaking tour attempting to get support for AJohn's reconstruction plan. doesn't really work.

Military Reconstruction

1867; divided the South into five districts and placed them under military rule; required Southern States to ratify the 14th amendment; guaranteed freedmen the right to vote in convention to write new state constitutions

Tenure of Office Act

1866 - enacted by radical congress - forbade president from removing civil officers without senatorial consent - was to prevent Johnson from removing a radical republican from his cabinet

Edwin M. Stanton

Secretary of War appointed by Lincoln. President Andrew Johnson dismissed him in spite of the Tenure of Office Act, and as a result, Congress wanted Johnson's impeachment.

Hiram Revels

first African American senator

Scalawags

Southern whites who supported Republican policy through reconstruction

Carpetbaggers

A northerner who went to the South immediately after the Civil War; especially one who tried to gain political advantage or other advantages from the disorganized situation in southern states

Sharecropping and crop-lien system

A system used on southern farms after the Civil War in which farmers worked land owned by someone else in return for a small portion of the crops. (exploitive in nature)

Redeemers

Largely former slave owners who were the bitterest opponents of the Republican program in the South. Staged a major counterrevolution to "redeem" the south by taking back southern state governments. Racists.

Cult of the Lost Cause

This Cult was an effort of many Southern white men to hide the fact that the Confederacy was fighting solely for oppressive slavery but rather that they were fight for American Southern values honorable and justifiably. But it's just covering the ugly truth of the racism that existed in the south and the true cause of the war.

Compromise of 1877

Deal that settled the 1876 presidential election contest between Rutherford Hayes (Rep) & Samuel Tilden (Dem.); Hayes was awarded presidency in exchange for the permanent removal of fed. troops from the South--\> ended Reconstruction

Hayes-Tilden Election of 1876

Close election
- main states that could give either one the victory had contested votes.
- Tilden won, but not by enough majority
- led to the compromise of 1877

Ku Klux Klan

White supremacy organization that intimidated blacks out of their newly found liberties

"Birth of a Nation"

Racist movie about reconstruction

Alaska Purchase

Secretary of State William Seward bought Alaska from Russia for $7.2 Million ("Seward's Folly")

Tammany Hall

Political machine in New York, headed by Boss Tweed.

Five Points

The worst New York City slum in the 19th century, it was located in Lower Manhattan. Gangs, criminals the works

Party Boss

a leader in a political party who controls votes and dictates appointments

Patronage

One of the key inducements used by party machines. A patronage job, promotion, or contract is one that is given for political reasons rather than for merit or competence alone.

Political Machines

Corrupt organized groups that controlled political parties in the cities. A boss leads the machine and attempts to grab more votes for his party.

George Washington Plunkitt

He was head of Tammany Hall and believed in "Honest Graft".

Ward Heeler

A political operative who, working for a political party, would act as a street level politician and trade favors in return for votes. ?????

Thomas Nast

Political cartoonist

Ulysses S. Grant

an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869-1877).

Whiskey Ring/Indian Ring

(GRANT SCANDALS)
During the Grant administration, a group of officials were importing whiskey and using their offices to avoid paying the taxes on it, cheating the treasury out of millions of dollars.
Grant's Secretary of War, William W. Belknap, accepted bribes from companies with licenses to trade on the reservations with Native American tribes.

Panic of 1873

Four year economic depression caused by overspeculation on railroads and western lands, and worsened by Grant's poor fiscal response (refusing to coin silver)

Greenback Party

Political party devoted to improving the lives of laborers and raising inflation, reaching its high point in 1878 when it polled over a million votes and elected fourteen members of Congress.

Jay Gould/Jim Fisk

Two millionare businessmen who came up with the scheme to corner the gold market during the Ulysses S. Grant's presidency.

James G. Blaine

Charming but corrupt "Half-Breed" Republican senator and presidential nominee in 1884

Half-Breeds

(Republicans) supported civil service reform and merit appointments to government

Stalwarts

(Republicans) Opposed civil service reform and supported the protective tariff

Mugwumps

Group that left Republican Party to become Democrats; this group heavily favored civil service reform and mistrusted James Blaine as the presidential nominee

Roscoe Conkling

He was the leader of the Stalwart faction of the Republican Party.

Forgettable Presidents

Grant, Hayes, Garfield, Arthur, Harrison, and Cleveland

Henry Guiteau

killed Garfield because he thought it would help the Stalwarts to win the next election

Pendleton Act

1883 law that created a Civil Service Commission and stated that federal employees could not be required to contribute to campaign funds nor be fired for political reasons

Rum, Romanism, and Rebellion

an insult made against NY Irish-Americans by a republican clergyman in the 1884 election. Blaine's failure to repudiate this statement lost him NY and contributed to his defeat by Grover Cleveland.

Chinese Exclusion Act

Denied any additional Chinese laborers to enter the country

Booker T. Washington

"Up from Slavery." Was a slave, favored gradual reforms and trade school (moderate)

Atlanta Compromise

Argument put forward by Booker T. Washington that African-Americans should not focus on civil rights or social equality but concentrate on economic self-improvement.

Tuskegee Institute

a vocational college for African Americans in Alabama, founded by Booker T. Washington

George Washington Carver

African American farmer and food scientist. His research improved farming in the South by developing new products using peanuts.

WEB Dubois

Opposed Booker T. Washington. Wanted social and political integration as well as higher education for 10% of African Americans-what he called a "Talented Tenth". Founder of the Niagara Movement which led to the creation of the NAACP. Wrote souls of black folk.

Plessy V. Ferguson

Separate but equal

Lynchings

racially based killings

Henry Grady & the "New South"

make south economic powerhouse

Bessemer Blast Furnace

????

Andrew Carnegie

A Scottish-born American industrialist and philanthropist who founded the Carnegie Steel Company in 1892. By 1901, his company dominated the American steel industry. (verticle i)

"Gospel of Wealth"

- Carnegie deserves his wealth because of his belief in the Protestant Work Ethic—HE took the risk, HE worked hard, HE sacrificed.
- Earn, learn, philanthropy—man who dies rich dies disgraced.
- most $$$ went to schools, museums, libraries, and concert halls
- no handouts, only handups.

U.S. Steel

The largest steel company of the US, created by J.P. Morgan by merging Andrew Carnegie's Carnegie Steel and several other steel companies together; at the time, the largest corporation in existence.

Vertical Integration

Practice where a single entity controls the entire process of a product, from the raw materials to distribution

John D. Rockefeller

- Refining company in Cleveland after the Civil War.
- immediately started buying out competition
- 1870: Standard Oil Company created
- Expanded vertically: made his own freight cars, pipelines, barrel factories

standard oil

Rockefeller's oil company; "octopus" that controls Congress.

horizontal integration

combining a number of firms that are engaged in the same enterprise into a single corporation.

JP Morgan

bought Carnegie's Steel Co. and united it to form the United States Steel Corporation.

* arranged the merger of Edison General Electric and Thomson-Houston Electric Company to form General Electric
* arranged an agreement between two of the largest railroads in the country, the New York Central Railroad and the Pennsylvania Railroad
* US govt and investors from Europe.
* creation of the Federal Steel Company in 1898, Morgan in 1901 joined in merging it with the giant Carnegie Steel Company and other steel companies to form United States Steel Corporation (1st billion dollar company)
* 1902: Morgan brought together several of the leading agricultural-equipment manufacturers to form the International Harvester Company.
* Bails the govt out of the Panic of 1893.

Cornelius Vanderbilt

A railroad owner who built a railway connecting Chicago and New York. He popularized the use of steel rails in his railroad, which made railroads safer and more economical.

Erie Wars

- Erie railroad was the last major railroad that Vanderbilt didn't own
- when he goes to buy it, though, Jay Gould backs out
- Vanderbilt doesn't quit and starts buying shares so he can get a 51% majority on the board of directors (Hostile Takeover)
- BUT, Vanderbilt is not getting this majority. why? because Jay Gould is stock watering, and issues more stocks to prevent Vanderbilt from getting a majority.
- Vanderbilt tries to sue them, they flee, gets out bribed so Boss Tweed rules in Gould and Fisk's favor.

Public be damned

Spoken by Vanderbilt (railroad executive). Used when business leaders are accused of shirking responsibility toward the public.

Middle Manager

a manager who implements the strategy and major policies developed by top management

Pools

Agreement between railroads to divide competition. Equalization was achieved by dividing traffic.

Robber Baron

a business leader who became wealthy through dishonest methods

Trusts

Firms or corporations that combine for the purpose of reducing competition and controlling prices (establishing a monopoly). There are anti-trust laws to prevent these monopolies.

Interlocking Directorates

The practice of having executives or directors from one company serve on the Board of Directors of another company. J. P. Morgan introduced this practice to eliminate banking competition in the 1890s.

Stock Watering

artificially-inflated value (done through manipulation)

Laissez-Faire Capitalism

an economic system in which the means of production and distribution are privately owned and operated for profit with minimal or no government interference

Social Darwinism

The belief that only the fittest survive in human struggle

Horatio Alger

Popular novelist during the Industrial Revolution who wrote "rags to riches" books praising the values of hard work

Self Made-Man

A nineteenth-century ideal that celebrated men who rose to wealth or social prominence from humble origins through self-discipline, hard work, and temperate habits

Russell Conwell

He was a Revered and a staunch advocate of Social Darwinism. He helped the justification of the rich and the need to not help the poor in his "Acres of Diamonds" lecture.

Industrial Labor

main goal was productivity of workers within a factory (obey and follow rules; work 6 days a week for 12 hours each-treated more and more like machines)

Thomas Malthus & Essays on Population

industrialized society will have a population too big to support itself— something will come along and be used to reduce the population

david ricardo & Iron Law of Wages

pay higher wages -\> ppl will have bigger families -\> more workers, so wages will decrease -\> smaller families -\> can pay them higher wages -\> 🔁

Child Labor

using children to work in factories and businesses
it happened