AP Psychology Unit 2.8 Intelligence

intelligence

mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations

general intelligence (g)

the idea that one general factor underlies intelligence

fluid intelligence (Gf)

our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood

crystallized intelligence (Gc)

one's accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age

grit

passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goals

intelligence test

a method for assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores

achievement test

measures how much a person has learned in a given subject or area

aptitude test

a test designed to predict a person's future performance

mental age

a measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet; the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance

intelligence quotient (IQ)

defined originally as the ratio of mental age to chronological age multiplied by 100

standardization

defining uniform testing procedures and meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group

test bias

systematic differences in test scores among groups of students that arise from factors unrelated to their actual abilities.

Flynn Effect

the worldwide phenomenon that shows intelligence test performance has been increasing over the years

reliability

the extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, on alternate forms of the test, or on retesting

validity

The ability of a test to measure what it is intended to measure

construct validity

The extent to which there is evidence that a test measures a particular hypothetical construct.

predictive validity

the extent to which a score on a scale or test predicts scores on some criterion measure

cross-sectional study

research that compares people of different ages at the same point in time

longitudinal study

research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period

cultural test bias

partiality of a test in favor of individuals from certain backgrounds at the expense of individuals from other backgrounds.

Growth vs Fixed Mindset

Fixed mindset: intelligence is biologically set and unchanging

Growth mindset: intelligence is changeable if you learn more (better mindset for career success)

Stereotype Threat

the apprehension experienced by members of a group that their behavior might confirm a cultural stereotype

Multiple Intelligence

individuals possess different types of intelligence beyond traditional measures, such as linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalistic intelligences.

test-retest reliability

assesses consistency by administering the same test to the same group twice. It measures how stable scores are over time

split-half reliability

divides a test into two halves and compares scores between them. It measures internal consistency by checking if both halves yield similar results.

Stereotype Lift

occurs when individuals from stereotypically advantaged groups perform better on tests due to the positive expectations associated with their group

Chronological Age

actual age

self-fulfilling prophecy

an expectation that causes you to act in ways that make that expectation come true.