AP Human Geography Chapter 8

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37 Terms

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Political Geography

study of political organization of the world

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State

politically organized territory with a permanent population, a defined territory, and a government

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Territoriality

"the attempt by an individual or group to affect, influence, or control people, phenomena, and relationships, by delimiting and asserting control over a geographic area"-Robert Sack

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Sovereignty

principle of international relations that holds that final authority over social, economic, and political matters should rest with the legit rulers of independent states

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Territorial Integrity

the right of a state to defend sovereignty of its territory against incurrsion from other states

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Peace of Westphalia

treaties negotiated in 1648 to end the Thirty Years' War(religious), contained new language recognizing statehood and nationhood, clearly defined borders, and guarantees of security

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Mercantilism

associated with the promotion of commercialism and trade

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Nation

culturally defined group of people with a shared past and a common future who relate to a territory and have political goals

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Nation-State

politically organized area in which nation and state occupy the same space

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Democracy

idea that the people are the ultimate sovereign; the people, the nation, have the ultimate say over what happens within the state

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Multinational State

a state with more than one nation inside its borders

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Multistate Nation

when a nation stretches across borders and across states

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Stateless Nation

nations that do not have a state

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Colonialism

Rule by an autonomous power over a subordinate and alien people and place. Creates unequal cultural and economic relations

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Scale

representation of a real-world phenomenon at a certain level of reduction or generalization

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Capitalism

economic model wherein people, corporations, and states produce goods and exchange them on the world market, with the goal of achieving profit

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Commodification

process which something is given monetary value; when an object previously not bought/sold is given a price and can be traded in a market economy

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Core

processes that incorporate higher levels of education, higher salaries, and more tech; generate more wealth than periphery processes in the world-economy

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Periphery

processes that incorporate lower levels of education, lower salaries, and less tech; generates less wealth than core processes in world-economy

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Semiperiphery

places where core and periphery processes are both occuring

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Ability

capacity of a state to influence other states or achieve its goals through diplomatic, economic, and militaristic means

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Centripetal

forces that tend to unify a country

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Centrifugal

forces that tend to divide a country

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Unitary

a nation-state that has a centralized gov and administration that exercises power equally over all parts of the state

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Federal

organizing state territory into regions, substates, provinces, or cantons. central gov represents the various entities within a nation-state where they have common interests, allowing these various entities to retain their own indentities

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Devolution

process whereby regions within a state demand and gain political strength and growing autonomy at the expense of the central gov

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Territorial Representation

system wherein each representative is elected from a territoriality defined district

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Reapportionment

process by which representative districts are switched according to population shifts, so that each district encompasses approx the same number of people

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Splitting

process where majority and minority populations are spread evenly across each of the districts to be created therein ensuring control by the majority of each of the districts

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Majority-Minority Districts

process by which a majority of the population is from the minority

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Gerrymandering Boundary

practice of dividing areas into electoral districts to give one political party an electoral majority in a large number of districts while concentrating the voting strength of the opposition in as few districts as possible

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Geometric Boundary

political boundary defined and delimited as a straight line or an arc

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Physical-Political Boundary

political boundary defined and delimited by a prominent physical feature in the natural landscape

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Heartland Theory

Who rules East Europe commands the Heartland and in return commands the world-Mackinder

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Critical Geopolitics

intellectuals of statecraft construct ideas about places, these ideas influence and reinforce their political behaviors and policy choices, and affect how we, the people, process our own notions of places and politics

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Unilateralism

world order in which one state is in a position of dominance with allies following rather than joining the political decision-making process

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Supranational Organization

a venture involving 3 or more nation-states involving formal political, economic, and/or cultural cooperation to promote shared objectives(ex. the UN)