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Political Geography
study of political organization of the world
State
politically organized territory with a permanent population, a defined territory, and a government
Territoriality
"the attempt by an individual or group to affect, influence, or control people, phenomena, and relationships, by delimiting and asserting control over a geographic area"-Robert Sack
Sovereignty
principle of international relations that holds that final authority over social, economic, and political matters should rest with the legit rulers of independent states
Territorial Integrity
the right of a state to defend sovereignty of its territory against incurrsion from other states
Peace of Westphalia
treaties negotiated in 1648 to end the Thirty Years' War(religious), contained new language recognizing statehood and nationhood, clearly defined borders, and guarantees of security
Mercantilism
associated with the promotion of commercialism and trade
Nation
culturally defined group of people with a shared past and a common future who relate to a territory and have political goals
Nation-State
politically organized area in which nation and state occupy the same space
Democracy
idea that the people are the ultimate sovereign; the people, the nation, have the ultimate say over what happens within the state
Multinational State
a state with more than one nation inside its borders
Multistate Nation
when a nation stretches across borders and across states
Stateless Nation
nations that do not have a state
Colonialism
Rule by an autonomous power over a subordinate and alien people and place. Creates unequal cultural and economic relations
Scale
representation of a real-world phenomenon at a certain level of reduction or generalization
Capitalism
economic model wherein people, corporations, and states produce goods and exchange them on the world market, with the goal of achieving profit
Commodification
process which something is given monetary value; when an object previously not bought/sold is given a price and can be traded in a market economy
Core
processes that incorporate higher levels of education, higher salaries, and more tech; generate more wealth than periphery processes in the world-economy
Periphery
processes that incorporate lower levels of education, lower salaries, and less tech; generates less wealth than core processes in world-economy
Semiperiphery
places where core and periphery processes are both occuring
Ability
capacity of a state to influence other states or achieve its goals through diplomatic, economic, and militaristic means
Centripetal
forces that tend to unify a country
Centrifugal
forces that tend to divide a country
Unitary
a nation-state that has a centralized gov and administration that exercises power equally over all parts of the state
Federal
organizing state territory into regions, substates, provinces, or cantons. central gov represents the various entities within a nation-state where they have common interests, allowing these various entities to retain their own indentities
Devolution
process whereby regions within a state demand and gain political strength and growing autonomy at the expense of the central gov
Territorial Representation
system wherein each representative is elected from a territoriality defined district
Reapportionment
process by which representative districts are switched according to population shifts, so that each district encompasses approx the same number of people
Splitting
process where majority and minority populations are spread evenly across each of the districts to be created therein ensuring control by the majority of each of the districts
Majority-Minority Districts
process by which a majority of the population is from the minority
Gerrymandering Boundary
practice of dividing areas into electoral districts to give one political party an electoral majority in a large number of districts while concentrating the voting strength of the opposition in as few districts as possible
Geometric Boundary
political boundary defined and delimited as a straight line or an arc
Physical-Political Boundary
political boundary defined and delimited by a prominent physical feature in the natural landscape
Heartland Theory
Who rules East Europe commands the Heartland and in return commands the world-Mackinder
Critical Geopolitics
intellectuals of statecraft construct ideas about places, these ideas influence and reinforce their political behaviors and policy choices, and affect how we, the people, process our own notions of places and politics
Unilateralism
world order in which one state is in a position of dominance with allies following rather than joining the political decision-making process
Supranational Organization
a venture involving 3 or more nation-states involving formal political, economic, and/or cultural cooperation to promote shared objectives(ex. the UN)
