Anthro

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50 Terms

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Disability rights movement

Activists argued that it is not an individual's actual 'impairments' which construct disability as a subordinate social status and devalued life experience but socially imposed barriers.

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Models of Disability

The social model of disability argues that people are disabled by the barriers that society puts up for them, while the medical model of disability argues that people are disabled by medical conditions.

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Medical anthropology

A branch of cultural anthropology that uses a variety of analytical perspectives to examine a wide range of experiences and practices that humans associate with disease, illness, health, well-being, and the body --- both today and in the past.

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Medical ecology

the interaction of disease with the natural environment and human culture

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Interpretivist approach in medical anthropology

the study of health systems as system of meaning: It asks: How do humans across cultures make sense of health and illness? How do we think, talk, and feel about illness, pain, suffering birth, and morality?

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Critical Medical Anthropology

explores the impact of inequality on human health, considering (1) how economic and political systems, race, class, gender, and sexuality create and perpetuate unequal access to health care, and (2) how health systems are systems of power that promote health disparities by defining who is sick, who gets treated, and how treatment is provided

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Interactive vs. Indifferent kinds

Interactive kinds are classifications that, when known by people or by those around them, change the ways in which individuals experience themselves; indifferent kinds are classifications that do not affect what they classify.

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Idioms of distress

patient's description of mental distress, which directs attention to socially and culturally mediated ways of experiencing and expressing distress.

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Anthropology of Mental Distress

medical anthropologists try to use neutral language such as "experience," "distress," "social suffering," "inferiority" and try to avoid "disease," "pathology," "disorder" --- some anthropologists even avoid the term "illness" itself

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Validity

A given classification that possesses intrinsic unity: it is neither a random phenomenon nor an artifact of the techniques through which is detected, treated, experienced, and studied; "intrinsic unity" is what anchors any classification's "portability" across contexts

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The "South Asia Puzzle" of Mental Health

There are higher proportions of people with mental illness in India --- and possibly in non-Wester countries more generally ---than there are in US and the West. Yet more people seem to recover spontaneously and more people who never quite recover hold down jobs and care for families more effectively.

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Language and Culture

The study of language as social action and a cultural resource people use where language is understood as doing something in the world, instead of just reflecting a pre-existing world (ex: presupposes and entails context)

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Taboo Language

A form of language that is both universal and very culturally and contextually specific, encoding or reflecting social relationships, marking identity, or serving specific sociocultural functions

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Language ideologies

attitudes, opinions, beliefs, or theories that we all have about language, which people are often unaware of them

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Indexicality

meaning and effect of language closely bound to context; meaning produced through contiguity or causality

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Practice

structures (both linguistic and social) that simultaneously constrain and give rise to human actions, which in turn create, recreate, or reconfigure those same structures --- and so on, with structures and actions successively giving rise to one another

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Habitus

Self-perceptions, sensibilities, and tastes develop in response to external influences over a lifetime that shape one's conception of the world and where one fits into it

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Multifunctionality

All the different kinds of work that language does, including the expressive, conative, referential, poetic, phatic, and metalinguistic function

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Linguistic Relativity

a perspective on the relationship between language and thought that posits language requires/ obligates speakers to pay attention to certain things about the world but ignore other things, which in turn, shapes the ways speakers think and act

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Speech Community

Any human aggregate characterized by regular or frequent interaction by means of a shared body of verbal signs and set off from similar aggregate by significant differences in language use

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Biomedical body

the notion that the body is an isolated, natural, and universal object

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Bodily autonomy

has received significant attention in bioethics, medical ethics, and medical law in terms of the general sanctity of a patient's bodily sovereignty and the rigths of patients to make choices (ex reproductive choices) that concern their own body

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Obstetric violence

harm inflicted during or in relation to pregnancy, childbearing, and the post-partum period. Such violence can be both interpersonal and structural, arising from the actions of health-care providers and also from broader political and economic arrangements that disproportionately harm marginalized populations. By focusing on obstetric violence, we center the long and enduring history of biological reproduction as a site of social violence.

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Humanization

An umbrella term that encompasses a variety of approaches to childbirth, tied together by an overall emphasis on centering women's autonomy in their birth choices, valorizing the natural and physiological over the technological, and promoting respectful birth care

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Language Socialization

the process of acquiring language and the process of acquiring sociocultural knowledge

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Triangle trade

the extensive exchange of enslaved people, sugar, cotton, and furs between Europe, Asia, and the Americans that transformed economic, political, and social life in both sides of the Atlantic

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Commodification

The process of transforming inalienable, free, or gifted things (objects, services, ideas, nature, personal information, people or animals) into commodities, or objects for sale

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Self-devouring growth

the ways that the super-organism of human beings is consuming itself...Wherever you sit reading this you are in a world organized by self-devouring growth. It is so fundamental as to be unremarkable, and yet it is eating away at the very ground beneath our feet.

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"What Wounds Enable"

Laurence Ralph: offers a counter-narrative to the typical view of trauma as something that solely diminishes people's lives. He argues that wounds (physical/emotional/cultural) can enable growth, empowerment, and social change. By acknowledging the dual nature of wounds, Ralph shows how they can provide valuable insights and strength in the face of adversity, offering opportunities for both individual and collective transformation.

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Who wrote "What Wounds Enable"

Laurence Ralph

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"Crip Camp: A Disability Revolution"

a documentary film that chronicles the disability rights movement in the United States, focusing on the pivotal role of a summer camp called Camp Jened, located in upstate New York, and the lasting impact it had on a generation of disabled activists. The film offers a powerful and inspiring story of how a group of teenagers with disabilities, who spent their formative years at Camp Jened in the 1970s, went on to become influential leaders in the fight for disability right

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Shadows and illuminations

A documentary that showcases the lives of two remarkable blind artists who have turned their visual impairments into a source of artistic strength. By focusing on John Bramblitt and Christine Ha, the film sheds light on how creativity can provide new ways of seeing and understanding the world, and how art can be a powerful means of self-expression, resilience, and connection. It challenges perceptions of disability, illustrating that, in fact, those who are blind or visually impaired have unique perspectives and talents that can illuminate the world in ways that go beyond traditional sight.

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Voices that are More Benign

Luhrmann & Padmavati explore the role that media representations play in shaping how mental illness is understood in society. Emphasizes the importance of moving beyond stigmatizing portrayals and providing more compassionate and nuanced depictions. By presenting mental illness in a way that highlights the humanity of those affected, the authors suggest that society can foster greater empathy, reduce stigma, and ultimately create more supportive environments for individuals with mental health challenges.

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Who wrote "Voices that are More Benign"

Luhrmann and Padmavati

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Star Trek Episode

the phrase "Darmok and Jalad at Tanagra" is a metaphor representing the concept of two opposing individuals who must cooperate in the face of a shared danger, ultimately forging a bond despite their initial differences; essentially, it symbolizes the idea of finding common ground and building a connection through shared adversity, even when there is a significant language barrier

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High Voltage

an interview-style show that focuses on disability culture, the disability rights movement, and the experiences of disabled individuals. Hosted by Lily (Liza) Whelan, a disability advocate, the podcast explores themes related to identity, representation, inclusion, and the challenges faced by people with disabilities, particularly in relation to how society views and interacts with them.

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Speaking is Believing

By Susan

Harding: an influential essay that examines the intersection of belief, language, and culture, particularly in the context of religion and evangelical Christianity. Harding explores how language, through its use in evangelical preaching and storytelling, plays a key role in shaping people's beliefs and realities. She focuses on the way beliefs are enacted and created through speech and rhetoric, especially in the evangelical community, where speaking becomes a means of creating reality and making beliefs seem tangible, true, and convincing

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Who wrote Speaking is Believing?

Susan Harding

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Stalking with Stories

By Keith Basso. An essay that explores the relationship between language, landscape, and cultural knowledge among the Western Apache people. In this work, Basso examines how the Apache use storytelling as a way to navigate and understand their environment, history, and social relationships. The essay is a key piece in anthropological discussions about how indigenous cultures engage with the world through narratives and place-based knowledge.

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Who wrote Stalking with Stories?

Keith Basso

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Who wrote "Birth in Brazil and Japan"?

Williamson and Matsuoka

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"Birth in Brazil and Japan"

By Williamson and Matsuoka. A cross-cultural study that examines how birth and maternity practices differ between Brazil and Japan, focusing on the social, cultural, and medical aspects of childbirth in each country. The authors explore how the experience of birth is shaped by cultural norms, medical systems, and social expectations, as well as how these factors influence women's choices and experiences surrounding pregnancy and childbirth.

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Babies

a documentary film that follows the lives of four babies from different parts of the world during their first year of life. The film provides a non-verbal, observational look at the universal experience of infancy, highlighting both the commonalities and the cultural differences in how babies are raised in different environments. (Nambia, Mongolia, Japan, and U.S.)

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Who wrote "Language Socialization?"

Ochs and Schieffelin

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"Language Socialization"

By: Ochs and Schieffelin. Goes over the importance of considering language acquisition within its social and cultural context. Language socialization is seen as a vital process that shapes not just how children learn to communicate, but also how they come to understand themselves and their roles within their communities. By looking at language as a social practice, the authors highlight the crucial role of both family and cultural norms in the development of a child's linguistic and social identity.

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Who wrote "Emotions Have Many Faces?"

Jean Briggs

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"Emotions have Many Faces"

By Jean Briggs. An anthropological exploration of how emotions are experienced and expressed across cultures, specifically focusing on her fieldwork with the Inuit people of the Canadian Arctic. Briggs examines the complexity of emotions within this society, arguing that emotions are not simply universal, biologically-based responses but are deeply influenced by cultural norms, social relationships, and context.

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Lake of Betrayal

A documentary film directed by Beth and George Gage that explores the emotional and political repercussions of the Kinzua Dam in Pennsylvania, USA, which was built in the 1960s. The film centers on the Seneca Nation of Indians and the forced relocation of the Seneca people from their ancestral land to make way for the dam. The documentary delves into the complex history of the Kinzua Dam project, the environmental and cultural destruction it caused, and the ongoing fight for justice by the Seneca Nation.

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Who wrote "Self-Devouring Growth?"

Julie Livingston

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"Self-Devouring Growth"

By Julie Livingston. Critiques the endless pursuit of economic growth within healthcare and capitalism. She argues that such growth, rather than being inherently positive, often results in self-destructive consequences, such as the medicalization of health, inefficiencies in healthcare systems, and the environmental and social costs of unchecked expansion. The essay calls for a rethinking of growth, advocating for more sustainable and socially responsible models that prioritize human well-being, health, and environmental sustainability over profit and endless expansion.