AP Chemistry Things to Know

Polyatomic ion: Ammonium

Polyatomic ion: Ammonium

NH₄⁺

Polyatomic ion: Acetate

C₂H₃O₂^-

Polyatomic ion: Hydroxide

OH^-

Polyatomic ion: Cyanide

CN^-

Polyatomic ion: Chlorate

ClO₃^-

Polyatomic ion: Perchlorate

ClO₄^-

Polyatomic ion: Chlorite

ClO₂^-

Polyatomic ion: Hypochlorite

ClO^-

Polyatomic ion: Nitrate

NO₃^-

Polyatomic ion: Nitrite

NO₂^-

Polyatomic ion: Permanganate

MnO₄^-

Polyatomic ion: Carbonate

CO₃^2-

Polyatomic ion: Bicarbonate (Hydrogen Carbonate)

HCO₃^-

Polyatomic ion: Sulfate

SO₄^2-

Polyatomic ion: Hydrogen Sulfate

HSO₄^-

Polyatomic ion: Sulfite

SO₃^2-

Polyatomic ion: Hydrogen Sulfite

HSO₃^-

Polyatomic ion: Chromate

CrO₄^2-

Polyatomic ion: Dichromate

Cr₂O₇^2-

Polyatomic ion: Phosphate

PO₄^3-

Polyatomic ion: Hydrogen Phosphate

HPO₄^2-

Polyatomic ion: Dihydrogen Phosphate

H₂PO₄^-

Decomposition of CaCO_3(s)

CaCO_3(s) → CaO_(s) + CO_2(g)

Decomposition of KClO_3(s)

2KClO_3(s) → 2KCl_(s) + 3O_2(g)

Decomposition of Zn(OH)_2(s)

Zn(OH)_2(s) → ZnO_(s) + H₂O(l)

Decomposition of NaN_3(s)

NaN_3(s) → 2Na_(s) + 3N_2(g)

Always soluble (list 4)

Nitrates (NO₃^-), group 1 Alkali metals, Ammonium (NH₄⁺), Acetate (C₂H₃O₂^-)

Solubility of NO₃^-

Always soluble, no exceptions

Solubility of CH₃COO^-

Always soluble, no exceptions

Solubility of Cl^-

Soluble except for Ag⁺, Hg₂²⁺, Pb²⁺

Solubility of Br^-

Soluble except for Ag⁺, Hg₂²⁺, Pb²⁺

Solubility of I^-

Soluble except for Ag⁺, Hg₂²⁺, Pb²⁺

Solubility of SO₄^2-

Soluble except for Sr²⁺, Ba²⁺, Hg₂²⁺, Pb²⁺

Solubility of S^-2

Insoluble except for compounds of NH₄⁺, the alkali metal cations, and Ca²⁺, Sr²⁺, Ba²⁺

Solubility of CO₃^2-

Insoluble except for compounds of NH₄⁺ and the alkali metal cations

Solubility of PO₄^3-

Insoluble except for compounds of NH₄⁺ and the alkali metal cations

Solubility of OH^-

Compounds of the alkali metal cations and NH₄⁺, Ca²⁺, Sr²⁺, Ba²⁺

List 7 strong acids

HCl (hydrochloric acid), HI (hydroiodic acid), HBr (hydrobromic acid), HClO₃ (chloric acid), HClO₄ (perchloric acid), HNO₄(nitric acid), H₂SO₄ (sulfuric acid)

List 8 strong bases

Group 1A metal hydroxides: LiOH, NaOH, KOH, RbOH, CsOH; Heavy group 2A metal hydroxides: Ca(OH)₂, Sr(OH)₂, Ba(OH)₂

Name Type I Compounds

Metal + nonmetal -ide (ex. calcium oxide)

Name Type II Compounds

Transition metal (roman numeral) + nonmetal -ide

Naming Binary Molecular Compounds 1-10

Mono-, Di-, Tri-, Tetra-, Penta-, Hexa-, Hepta-, Octa-, Nona-, Deca-

Naming Acids

No Oxygen: hydro____ic acid; Polyatomic ion ends in ite: -ous acid; Polyatomic ion ends in ate: -ic acid