Intro to Soc Final

Deviant behavior

the violation of established social norms such as folkways or mores

Normative behavior

expected behavior that follows norms

The social construction of deviance

Social control

regulation of enforcement of norms

Asch conformity experiments

demonstrated the pressures of conformity. Participants were shown a line and had to match it with one of three options. Confederates purposely gave incorrect answers, leading many participants to conform and choose the wrong answer.

Social order

arrangement of practices and behaviors that society members base their lives on

Positive sanction

reward for conforming to norms ex: work promotion

Negative sanction

punishment for violating norms ex: being arrested

informal sanction

reactions to social interactions

formal sanction

a way to officially recognize and enforce norm violations

criminalization

defining a characteristic/behavior in criminal or legal terms

medicalization

defining a characteristic or behavior in medical terms

conformity

an individual complying with group norms or expectations

waiting room experiment

violent crime

use or threat of force; rape, murder or armed robbery

nonviolent crime

destruction of theft or property without use of force

street crime

offenses committed by regular people to others or organizations in public spaces

corporate crime

crime committed by white-collar workers in business

victimless crime

crimes that don’t explicitly harm another person

Crime in US

crime is declining over time

criminal justice system

an organization that enforces a legal code

functional strain theory

people have socially acceptable goals but society doesn’t give them a socially acceptable way to meet that goal so they commit crime

functional view of crime

emphasizes social order, crime happens when soicety is not organizaed

social disorganization theory

society functions like a machine and when communities are disorganized social ties are weak, less social control and crime occurs

conflict theory of crime

looks at social and economic causes of crime;power dispairites

critical criminology

power elite

the people with the most resources get to decide whats crime and whats not

symbolic interactionist theory of crime

how society or social groups can view behaviors as deviant or conventional

hirschi’s control theory

social control is linked to social bonds and crime occurs when people are disconnected from society

master status

a label that describes the cheif characteristic of an indivudial

13th amendment

hate crime

crime based on persons race, religion and sexuality

green/environmental crime

Crime that harms the environment

primary deviance

violation of norms that doesn’t effect a persons self image

secondary deviance

when a persons self-image and behavior changes after society labels their actions as deviant

stratification

ranking society based on wealth, income, education, family background, and power

socio-economic status

a persons place within stratification

closed system

cant change social position

open system

more mobility between classes

caste system

closed system where people cant change social status given at birth

class system

based on social factors and individual achievement

meritocracy

hypothetical system where stratification is determined by personal effort and merit

status consistency

the consistency of a person's rank across the factors that determine social stratification in life

economic mobility

how peoples economic status changes overtime

intergenerational mobility

different family generations belonging to different social classes

absolute poverty

person cant afford basic necessities

relative poverty

person has less income than average or median income

subjective poverty

how individual views their economic status

gini coefficient

measurement of inequality; closer to 1 is more unequal closer to 0 is more equal

core nations

dominant capitalist countries

peripheral nations

dominated by core nations with little industrialization

semiperipheral nations

in-between nations; major source of raw materials and expanding middle class

capital flight

movement of capital from one nation to another

debt accumulation

external debt from borrowing from other nations for expansion

modernization theory

low income countries have a lack of industrialization and can improve by adjusting cultural values and work attitudes and industrialization

dependence theory

gloabal inequality is caused by core nations exploiting lower nations causing dependency

davis moore thesis

states social stratification is necessary for society to function. Argues that unequal rewards incentivize individuals to pursue important roles.

race

social constucted groups based on shared physical or social traits

ethnicicty

based on shared culture ex: language, norms beliefs

scapegoat theory

when dominant group shifts their frustration on subordinate group

intersection theory

race, class, gender and sexual orientation are intertwined

culture of prejudice theory

prejudice is embedded in our culture ex: racist imagery in movies and stores

individual/interpersonal racism

occurs between individuals conscious or unconsciously ex:telling racist joke

racial profiling

systemic racism that gives racial minorities different treatment

color blind racism

white people avoiding referencing race and failing to recognize it

racial steering

real estate agents directing people towards or away from neighborhoods based on race

sedimentation of racial inequality

racial inequality is hard to get rid of because its passed down ex: when slavery ended Jim crow was created

assimilation

when a minority gives up own identity and takes on characteristics of dominant culture

double consciousness

seeing yourself as valued member of society but also seeing yourself through the white view

Du Bois’ concept of the veil

he realizes he’s different when a girl shuns him and a veil has risen between him and society. Veil is something you can see through but cant pass through ex; seeing white experience but cant reach it

homophily

The tendency of individuals to associate and bond with others who are similar to them in terms of characteristics, interests, or beliefs.

de facto racism

in practice

de jure racism

in law

sexuality

capacity to experience sexual feelings and attraction

sexual orientation

persons attraction to a sex

intersex

pay gap

the second shift

childcare and housework completed after work day done by women and can cause them more stress