Unit 5 - Heimler History Notes

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26 Terms

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The Enlightenment

An intellectual movement that applied rationalism and empiricist approaches to understand the natural world and human relationships.

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Rationalism

The belief that reason is the most reliable source of true knowledge, emphasizing reason over emotion or external authority.

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Empiricism

The philosophy that true knowledge is gained primarily through the senses, especially through rigorous experimentation.

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Natural Rights

The concept that humans are born with certain rights that cannot be infringed upon by governments or entities.

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Social Contract

The theory that societies must have governments chosen by their will to protect their natural rights, with the right to overthrow a tyrannical government.

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Deism

The belief in a God who created the universe but does not intervene in its workings.

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Nationalism

A sense of commonality among people based on shared language, religion, and social customs, often linked with a desire for territory.

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Abolition of slavery

The movement led by Enlightenment thinkers to criticize and ultimately end the practice of slavery.

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Women’s Suffrage

The movement advocating for women’s rights to vote and achieve equality in society.

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Industrial Revolution

The process where societies transitioned from agrarian to industrial economies, significantly changing the world's political and social structures.

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Factory System

A method of manufacturing that concentrates production in one location using mechanization to increase efficiency.

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Meiji Restoration

Japan's period of rapid modernization and industrialization in the late 19th century, borrowing heavily from Western technologies.

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Stock Markets

Facilities where shares of stock are bought and sold, enabling companies to raise capital by selling portions of ownership.

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Limited Liability

A legal structure that protects owners from losing more than their investment in a company, promoting risk-taking and investment.

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Marxism

The political and economic theory of Karl Marx, which argues that capitalism leads to class struggle and the eventual rise of a classless society.

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Communist Manifesto

A political pamphlet by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that outlines the principles of Marxism and the critique of capitalism.

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Opium Wars

Conflicts between Britain and China in the 19th century over trade imbalances, notably the illegal opium trade, leading to significant outcomes for China's sovereignty.

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Tanzimat Reforms

A series of reforms in the Ottoman Empire aimed at modernizing and reorganizing the empire, including western-style law codes and education systems.

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Labor Union

An organization of workers that collectively seeks to improve working conditions, wages, and other labor-related issues.

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American Revolution

The revolutionary war (1775-1783) in which the Thirteen Colonies gained independence from British rule, influenced by Enlightenment ideas.

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French Revolution

The period of radical social and political change in France from 1789 that led to the end of monarchy and rise of republics.

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Haitian Revolution

The successful revolt of enslaved people in Haiti (1791-1804) against French colonial rule, establishing Haiti as the first black republic.

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Simon Bolivar

A leader in Latin America who played a key role in the independence movements across several South American countries.

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Liberalism

A political ideology that emphasizes individual freedoms, civil rights, and representative government.

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Popular Sovereignty

The principle that the authority of a government is created and sustained by the consent of its people.

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Steam Engine

An invention that converted fossil fuels into mechanical energy, facilitating the rise of industries and transforming transportation.