Inorganic Chemistry Test 3

Magnesium

High charge density: Hard acid, more covalency, can contribute to water hardness

Used to synthesize pure boron: B2O3 + 3 Mg → 2B +3MgO

Grignard reagents

MgSO4×7H2O is epsom salt

burns white hot

will take O from CO2 when burning

Mg(OH)2 suspension in water is milk of magnesia

Tooth Enamel

Hydroxyapatite, Ca5(PO4)3(OH), adding F- to water replaces the OH minus, F- is a weaker base and less likely to degrade

Calcium

cause of water hardness: ion exchange where 2Na+ replaces 1 Ca2+

• NaAl(SiO3)2 is what is in water softeners

reacts with soap to form sop scum [calcium(sterate)2].

Used in slaked lime: Ca(OH)2

Ca(OH)2 + CO2 → CaCO3 + H2O

Gypsum(main component of sheetrock): CaSO4 × 2H2O

CaS + H2O → CaO (Ca(OH)2) + H2S

CaO gives off bright white “lime light” when burned

Aluminum

Al4C3 is a carbide that gives methyl upon hydrolysis

Can be used to polish Ag:

3Ag2S + 2Al → 6Ag + Al2S3

excellent electrical and thermal conductor

Hall Heroult Process: In picture

Al2O3 is the source of aluminum, called bauxite

AlCl3 is a lewis acid

Remember: NaAl(SiO3)2 is in water softeners for Na+ ion exchange

Strontium

Product of nuclear fallout

Substitutes for Ca(Sr2+ → Ca2+), which is why it causes cancer

Radium

Glows in the dark so it used to be used on expensive watches and plane instruments

Inert Pair Effect

Al 3+ is the only oxidation state, but as you go down the column the 1+ oxidation state becomes more and more common with Tl 1+ being its only oxidation state. Because of a tendency of the pairs electrons in the s shell to not be shared as they are more effectively bound to the nucleus in the larger molecules.

Boron

Synthesized with Mg: B2O3 + 3 Mg → 2B +3MgO

Borosilicate: This creates class with a lower coefficient of thermal expansion making it stronger and less susceptible to shattering when their is a temperature change

Boranes

Carbon

Diamond structure

• tetrahedral atoms

• wide band gap

Black tires, britta filters to absorb impurities

carbon dating, ration of c14 to c12, c14 decreases after smt dies

CO

• toxic

• makes meat pink

CO2

• complete combustion

• carbonation in sodas

Chlorofluorocarbons: decay the ozone layer

Used to synthesize silicon & Hydrogen:

• SiO2(s) + 2C(s) → Si(l) + 2CO(g)

• C(s) + H2O → CO + H2

• CO +H2O → CO2 + H2

Si

Comes from SiO2:

• SiO2(s) +C(s) → Si(l) +CO(g)

Used in NMR in the form of TMS(Tetramethylsilane) as the “zero”

SiO2 is quartz

Silica gell chromatography for separating and purifying products

Siloxanes

• used for caulk

• breast implants

Used in semi conductors, can be doped with negative delocalization (n-type) or positive delocalization (p-type)

Tin

Semiconductor tin is diamond structured and stable below 13 degrees celsius

Tin cans are “tinned cans” with a tin coating to preen oxidation of the iron in the steel of the can, forms an adhesive oxide layer that won’t just chip off

SnF2

• anti microbial found in tooth paste

Sn + Cu makes bronze

Degrades at low temperatures, napoleons army losing tin buttons when invading Russia in the winter

Lead

Lead acid car batteries

• Pb(s) +PbO2(s) + 2H2SO4(aq) → 2PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l)

Mimics Ca2+ which is why it is toxic

Used in paint to discourage corrosion

Nitrogen

78% of the air

NH3 dissolves in water to form ammonium hydroxide, N in ammonia can act as a reducing agent

Haber Bosch Process

• N2(g) +3H2(g) → 2NH3(l)

• exothermic, need catalyst (nitrogenase)

Used in rocket fuel: (CH3)2NNH2

NaN3 is used in air bags for your car

Nitrogen Oxides

N2O: Laughing gas, propellent in pressurized cans (whip cream) anesthetic, nitrous in drag cars

NO: paramagnetic, vasodilator (viagra - cause blood vessels to widen or dilate), nitroglycerin (bombs)

NO2: component of smog, brown

N2O4: colorless

Catalytic converters reduce nitrogen oxides to N2 and O2

Phosphorus

Made by: Ca3(PO4)2 +10CO → 6CaO + 10 CO2 +P4

White waxy solid

Chemiluminescence: reacts with O2 to give off light

Important component in fertilizer “KPN”

• Ca3(PO4)2 + H2SO4 → Ca(H2PO4)2 + CaSO4

PCl3: removes OH group from an alkyl

Phosphorous Acid is an important blood buffer

Arsenic

Originally used to cure syphillus

we know now that it is toxic

[AsO4]3- can replace (PO4)3-

Bismuth

peptobismal for indigestion, works as an antacid

Anti bacterial

Oxygen

O-O single bond is weak

liquid O2 is blue

Left side of periodic table oxides are basic, right side oxides are acidic

Mixing Bleach and Hydrogen Peroxide:

• (Na+)OCl- + H2O2 → H2O + O2 + Cl-

O3 is ozone and it absorbs ultraviolet light

Sulfur

yellow, powery/crystalline solid

S-S bond is relatively strong

Made through the Frasch Process

• pumped out of the ground by pumping air and water into the ground

Sulfur is added to rubber to make tires harder

H2S is rotten eggs

SO3 is bad, can turn into H2SO3

SO2 helps preserve wine, antimicrobial agent

Fluorine

H bonding

CaF2 + H2SO4 → 2HF + CaSO4

HF + NaOH → NaF + H2O

Degrades glass b/c F is a harder base than O and silicon is a hard acid

Chlorine

2 NaCl → 2Na + Cl2

HCl: NON-oxidizing strong acid

• HNO3 & HClO4 are oxidizing acids

Bleach

• Cl- + O3 → ClO- +O2

Ammonium Perchlorate is rocket fuel

Iodine

Used to purify water on the space station b/c it is a solid (as opposed to Cl which is a gas)

I- is needed for thyroid function

Helium

finite

refrigerant in NMR

comes from alpha decay: radioactive decay that yields and alpha particle (helium) and the daughter nucleus

[Pt(NH3)4]Cl2

tetraammineplatinum (II) chloride

CO (name of its group when part of a ligand?)

Carbonyl

NH3 (name of its group when attached to a ligand?)

ammine

OH2 (when on a ligand?)

aqua-

Prefix for multiple ethylenediamines

bis, tris, tetrakis; two, three, four, respectively

K2[NiCl4]

potassium tetrachloridenickelate (II)

[CoCl(OH2)5](NO3)2

pentaaquachlorocobalt (III) nitrate

[CoCl2(en)2]ClO4

dichlorobis(ethylenediamine)cobalt (III) perchlorate

Ni(CO)4

Tetracarbonylnickel (0)

Diammineoxalatocopper (II)

Cu(NH3)2(ox)

Hexaaminechromium (II) tetrachlorocuprate (II)

[Cr(NH3)6][CuCl4]

Potassium hexocyanomanganate (II)

K4[Mn(CN)6]

hexaaguavanadium (III) Nitrate

[V(OH2)6](NO3)3

(NH4)2[CoCl2]

diammoniumdichlorocobalate (II)

(not sure why the cobalt is 2+ which would cancel out the chloride’s negative but then somehow the compound is neutral even thought NH4 is +1 but thats what he wrote down)

[CrCl2(OH2)4]Cl

tetraaguadichlorochromate (III) chloride

[Fe(ox)3]3-

tri(oxalato)ferrate (III)

tetrahydroxozincate

[Zn(OH)4]2-

tetraaminedichloroplatinum (IV) hexachloroplatinate (IV)

[PtCl2(NH3)4][PtCl6]

Ga, In, Tl

Gallium is used in LED’s

• GaAs can emit in IR

• GaP emits green light (n-type doping)

• GaN emits blue light

Indium is part of indium tin oxide which is a transparent electrode

Thallium used to be a rat poison

Baking Power: What and How?

Formula for baking powered is NaHCO3

Reacts with acid to produce CO2 which causes things to rise

Chromate (think the ion)

(CrO4)2- can replace (SO4)2- which makes it toxic

Fertilizers (what main elements? Molecular formulas?)

KPN/KNP etc.

• Potassium: KNO3

• Nitrogen: NH4NO3

• Phosphate: Ca(H2PO4)2

Precious Gems

Diamonds are carbon

Sapphire’s and Ruby’s are Al2O3

Colors in fireworks

K+ is purple, Li+ is red, Sr2+ is red, Ba2+ is green

How is Hydrogen Formed

C+H2O → H2 + CO

CO + H2O → CO2 + H2