Week 13 Day 1 Immune Systems Part 2

What is the specific immune defense that develops only after the body is exposed to a foreign substance?

Adaptive Immunity

Any foreign molecule that triggers adaptive immunity and that the host immune system does not recognize as 'self' is called an _____.

Antigen

Which type of leukocyte is primarily responsible for specific immunity?

Lymphocyte

What are the two main types of lymphocytes mentioned in adaptive immunity?

B cells and T cells

A system of vessels along with a group of organs and tissues where most leukocytes reside. The lymphatic vessels collect excess interstitial fluid and return it to the blood

lymphatic system

Which category of lymphoid organs serves as the site where lymphocytes differentiate into mature immune cells?

Primary lymphoid organs

Name the two primary lymphoid organs in the human body.

Bone marrow and the thymus gland

In which primary lymphoid organ do B cells reach maturity?

Bone marrow

In which primary lymphoid organ do T cells reach maturity?

Thymus gland

What is the clinical consequence of damage or destruction to a primary lymphoid organ?

A severe inability to fight infections.

Where in the body do lymphocytes typically multiply and perform their functions?

Secondary lymphoid organs

List three examples of secondary lymphoid organs.

Lymph nodes, spleen, and tonsils

Why must a person whose spleen has been removed be monitored for the rest of their life?

They have an increased vulnerability to infection.

Which lymphocytes are responsible for producing antibodies and managing humoral immunity?

B cells

Identify the four types of T cells involved in the adaptive immune response.

Helper, Cytotoxic, Regulatory, and Natural Killer T cells

What is the primary role of Helper T cells in the immune response?

To activate B cells and cytotoxic T cells.

Which specific lymphocyte is specialized to directly kill infected cells?

Cytotoxic T cell

What is the function of Regulatory T cells?

To regulate the immune response.

Which cells differentiate from B cells to actively secrete antibodies?

Plasma cells

Humoral immunity relies on communication through _____ chemical messengers.

Soluble

In which type of immunity do T cells directly encounter and destroy cancerous or transplanted cells?

Cell-mediated immunity

What are the three general stages of the adaptive immune response?

Recognition, Activation & Proliferation, and Attack

During the Recognition stage, what must an antigen bind to on a lymphocyte for a response to begin?

A specific membrane receptor

In the context of lymphocyte receptors, what does 'specificity' mean?

Each lymphocyte is specific for only one type of antigen.

What is the term for the identical cells produced when an activated lymphocyte begins to replicate?

Clones

A lymphocyte clone that carries out the immediate attack response is called an _____.

Effector cell

What is the role of memory cells produced during the Activation and Proliferation stage?

To remain poised to recognize a returning antigen in the future.

How does the humoral response facilitate the 'Attack' stage?

It secretes antibodies that recruit and guide other cells to perform the attack.

What happens to the cloned effector cells after the antigens have been eliminated?

They undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death).

A Y-shaped protein with two heavy chains and two light chains that provides

immunity to foreign substances

immunoglobulin

Which part of an antibody is identical for all immunoglobulins within the same class?

The constant region

What is the function of the variable region on an immunoglobulin?

It varies to recognize and bind to a particular antigen.

List the five classes of immunoglobulins found in mammals.

IgM, IgG, IgA, IgE, IgD

What gene family encodes the surface proteins that must complex with an antigen for T-cell recognition?

Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)

Where are Class 1 MHC proteins typically found?

On the surface of all nucleated cells.

found on the surface of macrophages, B cells and dendritic cells

Class 2 MHC

The immediate and heightened production of antibodies after a repeat exposure to an antigen.

What defines a secondary immune response?

How does a vaccine create immunity without causing disease?

It introduces small quantities of weakened/dead pathogens, toxins, or mRNA to trigger a primary response and memory cell production.

Why is 'rejection' a major concern during organ transplants?

The recipient's immune system recognizes the transplant as foreign and attacks it.

Which type of medication is administered to transplant patients to prevent organ rejection?

Immunosuppressants

A hypersensitivity reaction to an otherwise harmless environmental antigen.

Define an allergy in immunological terms.

What is the mechanism of action for antihistamines in treating allergies?

They are drugs that prevent histamine from binding to its receptor, which prevent some symptoms of allergy

Which specific immune cell does the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infect and kill?

Helper T cells

How does HIV integrate its genetic information into a host cell?

It inserts its own DNA into the host's DNA.

List three methods of HIV transmission.

Unprotected sex, contaminated blood transfer, and mother-to-child (breast milk).

What occurs during an autoimmune disease?

The body's immune system attacks its own tissues and organs.

Which autoimmune disease is characterized by widespread inflammation affecting joints, skin, kidneys, and lungs?

Lupus

During the Activation phase, bound B cells are stimulated to divide by cytokines secreted by _____.

Helper T cells

In antibody structure, the 'arms' of the Y-shape contain the _____ sites.

Antigen-binding

Which phase of the adaptive response is characterized by 'Clonal Expansion'?

Activation and Proliferation

The primary lymphoid organ where hematopoietic stem cells differentiate into B cells is the _____.

Bone marrow

What is the typical time frame for the peak of a primary immune response following antigen exposure?

Approximately 10 to 14 days

antibodies are a type of __

immunoglobulin

definition -the response to an initial exposure to an antigen

primary immune response

definition - the immune system’s ability to produce a secondary immune response

immunological memory

What is the first step in the cytotoxic T cell response to a virus-infected cell?

A cytotoxic T cell binds to the surface of a virus-infected cell.

What role do helper T cells play in activating cytotoxic T cells?

Helper T cells bind to a macrophage and release cytokines that stimulate cytotoxic T cells to divide.

After activation, what do cytotoxic T cells do next?

They bind to other virus-infected cells.

How do cytotoxic T cells damage infected cells?

They secrete molecules that damage the infected cell’s membrane, leading to cell death.

What happens after a cytotoxic T cell damages an infected cell?

The cytotoxic T cell detaches from the dying cell and can attack additional infected cells.

A disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that weakens the

immune system of infected individuals

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS/HIV)

an autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks the body’s own tissues.

Rheumatoid Arthritis

What part of the body does rheumatoid arthritis primarily attack?

the lining of the joints

What symptoms are caused by rheumatoid arthritis attacking the joint lining

Swelling and stiffness in the joints

is rheumatoid arthritis progressive or non-progressive

it is a progressive disease, meaning it worsen over time