Persia and Greece

Marathon

Darius; Greeks ambushed Persia; Athens tried to recive help from Sparta → Persia had to retreat

Thermopylae

Xerxes; Persians attacked narrow pass; Greek traitor; Persians burned Athens

Salamis

Naval battle; Athens faked retreat + lured Persians; Athens won

Platae

Persians contaminated Greek waters; Athens + Sparta vs Persia; Persians were pushed back to Persia

Medes

Indo- Aryans (migrated from central asia) w/ Persians

Early Persians

Nomadic herders; Influenced by who they conquered

Cyprus

Conquest and liberation of the Jews

Darius

Administrator, provinces, and innoventions

Satrap

Heditary governor: Checked by spies and districts

Qanat

Underground canals to prevent water from evaporating

Persepolis

Persian ciry: center w/ scribes, advisors

Advancements

Qanat, standaridzed coin, taxes, lenient laws, and the royal road

Royal Road

Netword of roads w/ stations for resources → connects empire, increases trade, and easy travel

Xerxes

Architect, issues w/ maintiang the relationship with the empire → fails to defeat the Greeks

Persian Downfall

Conqured by Alexander the Great (partially caused by not defeating the Greeks)

Zoroastiranism

Monotheistic, Zoroaster (prophet), Ahura Mazda vs Angra Mainyu (good vs evil), free will

Spread, Influence, + Fall of Zoroastrinism

Did not spread beyond Middle East; Influences Judaism, Christianity, and Islam; Puesh out bc of Islam (converted or moved to India)

Persian Empire

Egypt to Indus River

What groups of people influenced Persia?

Lydians, Phoenicians, Babylonians, and Egyptians

Greece Progressian

1. Mycenaeans- Bronze age (pre-Greeks)
2. Archaic Greece (dark ages), after Doric invasion)
3. Grease is united for the Persian Wars (wins)
4. Golden Age of Greece - Golden age of Pericles (Mostly in Athens, under Pericles)
5. Peloponnesian War (Athen vs. Sparta)
6. Rise of Alexander the Great (The Macedonians)

Minoans

Women > , Seafaring, good at trade, bull jumping, wrestling, boxing, King Crete whoo built Knossos, lived on island

Knossos

Center of Minoan civilization, comlicated architecture w/ no walls around

Myceaneans

Indo-Europeans: traded w/ Minoans; Warriors; fortified places on hills; lived outside walls, merchants, Conquered Minoans, Neighbors of Sparta

Mycenean Downfall

Trade war w/ Troy; Internal warfar; Dorian “invasion’; Trojan War

Effects of the Persian War

Increased sense of Greek uniqueness

Athen dominated Aegean Sea

Innovation og Athenian gov. + culture

Delian Leauge

Starts Golden Age (Periciles)

Leads to Peloponnesian War

Polis

City-states

Peloponnesian Wars

Athens vs Sparta (Sparta won)

Delian vs Peloponnesian League

Sparta allies w/ Persia

Effects of the Peloponnesian War

End Athens’ Golden Age

Democratic government suffers

Greece becmoes vulnerable bc of the lack of alliances and jelously

What ideas were expressed during the Golden Age

Drama

Hisotry

Art

Architecture

Mathematics

Expands Democracy

Poetry

Science

Philosophy

Pericles

Building projects providing jobs

Led Athens during the Golden Age

Acropolis

Built Democracy within Athens

Solon

Helped build Democracy

Released tensions between the slaves and the wealthy (done by releasing slaves’ debt)

Athenian Government

Monarchy → Oligarchy + Aristocracy (many wealthy rule) → Tyranny (ruler who takes power) → Democracy

Persian Wars: Persia vs. Greece

Caused by both empires trying to expand

Herodotus

Wrote The Histories (Persian War)

First proper historian

Thucydides

Political Philosopher

Historian

“Scientific Historian”

Homer

Iliad and The Odyssey

Aeschylus

Father of Tradgedy

Sophocles

Wrote tradgedies

Aristophanes

Father of Comedy

Pythagoras

Pythagorean Theorem

Universe revolves around numbers

Plants produce tone

Protagoras

Reason and knowledge achives happy life

Teaching equip for life

Hippocrates

School of medicne

Hygiene

Holistic healing

Democritius

Atomic theory

“Laughing Philospher”

Euclid

Prominent mathmetician

The Elements

“Father” of Geometry

Archimedes

Greek mathmetcian - Geomerty

War machines

Buoyancy

Devices

Who are “The Big Three”

Socrates, Plato, Aristotle

Political Bipolarity

The order, econimics, military, and cultural influence is held between two states

Spartan Culture

Military

No accumulation of private wealth (clothes, jewlery)

Athenian Culture - the primary basis of western civilization

Meaningful life

Intellectual pursuits

Mind/ body perfection

Trade

Cultural superiority

Helots

Messenians enslaved by the Spartans

Socrates

Quoestoned everything

Put on trial for corrupting the youth and going against religion

Poisoned himself

No writings

Allegory of the Cave

Plato

Student of Socrates

Forms and ideas

Wrote about ideal government and Universal Forms

Persevered Socrates’ work

Philosophers should be kings

Released “Allegory of the Cave”

Aristotle

Student of Plato

Logic as field study

Good and bad ogvernment

Knowledge gained through senses

Logical influences generations, but science ideas were incorrect (slavery, geo-centric thoery)

Delian Leauge

Ruled by Athnes

Protection from Persia

Trade expansion

Ended piracy in the Aegean Sea

Caused Sparta to make own league

Minoan Art + Architecture

Women, animals, bull jumping

Myceanean Art + Architecture

Militaristic, soldiers, weapons

Archaic Art + Architecture

No movement, stiff-life, rigid, minimilistic details

Classical (golden age) Art + Architecture

“Movement before movement”

More detailed

‘Perfect ideal’

Hellenistic (Ruled by Alexander the Great)

Super detailed

Fluid

Movement + Emotions

Three types of Colums

Doric (dull + no base), Ionic (eyes, has base), Corinthian (column, has base)

Phillip of Macedon

Built powerful military

Moved into Greece

Brought Greece under his control

Alexdander of Macedon

Son of Philip

Took over father’s plan

Invaded Persia

Stragesit

Leader

Assassinated

Antigonid Empire

Greece and Macedon

Antigonus

Ruled till Romans

Smallest of the Hellenistic empire

Tensions between rulers and people

Athens and Cornith flourished (lots of trade)

Hellensietic Empire

Integration of economics, society + expanding Greek cultural traditions and influence

Commonly spoke Greek and Aramaic

Antigonid, Ptolemaic, Seleucid

Ptolematic Empire

Egypt

Ptolemy

Wealthiest of the Hellenistic empire

Agriculture, tax, industry

Capital: Alexandria ((administration, harbors, center, cultural capital)

Ruled until the Romans

Seleucid Empire

Achaemenid Empire (Persia; Bacteria to Anatolia)

Seleucus

Ruled until the Parthians

Largest of the Hellenistic empires

Settlements, administration, and bureaucrats, filled w/ Greeks and Macedonians

Persian Hisotry Progression

Life of Zarathustra

Archaemenid Dynasty

Cyrus

Darius

Invasion by Alexander

Seleucid

Parthian

Sasanid

Greece and Persia History Progression

Minoan society

Mycenean society

Classical Greek polis

Sappho (lyric poet)

Persian Wars

Darius invades Greece

Battle of Marathon

Xerxes invades Greece

Battle of Salamis

Battle of Plataea

Socrates

Percicles leadership

Pelopenessian War

Plato

Aristotle

Philip II of Macedon

Alexander of Macedon

Draco

Harsh ruler w/ strict code of laws (aristocracy)

Pisistratus

“Robin Hood” (tyrant)

Cleisthenes

Father of Democracy

Who were Dorians and what effect did they have?

Dorians pushed further into Greece and ended Mycean and Minoan civilization

There want to expansion → Persian War

Greek Religion

Polythestic and based around myths to explain life (not particually belived by philophers and disliked when expressed)

Aegean Seas’ affect on Greece?

Economical, Social, Political development

Food source because of the mountains and hilly terain

Helped with contant w/ Asia

The reason why Alexander could not expand any more

His men refused to go any further.