end of chpt 14 questions

A scientist discovers that a soil bacterium he has been studying produces an antimicrobial that kills gram-negative bacteria. She isolates and purifies the antimicrobial compound, then chemically converts a chemical side chain to a hydroxyl group. When she tests the antimicrobial properties of this new version, she finds that this antimicrobial drug can now also kill gram-positive bacteria. The new antimicrobial drug with broad-spectrum activity is considered to be which of the following?

semisynthetic

which of the following antimicrobial drugs is synthetic?

sulfanilamide

which of following combinations would most likely contribute to the development of a superinfection?

long-term use of broad-spectrum antimicrobials

which of the following routes of administration would be appropriate and convenient for home administration of an antimicrobial to treat a systemic infection?

oral

which clinical situation would be appropriate for treatment with a narrow-spectrum antimicrobial drug?

treatment of strep throat caused by culture identified streptococcus pyogenes

which of the following terms refers to the ability of an anitmicrobial drug to harm the target microbe without harming the host?

selective toxicity

Which of the following is not a type of β-lactam antimicrobial?

glycopeptides

Which of the following does not bind to the 50S ribosomal subunit?

tetracyclines

Which of the following antimicrobials inhibits the activity of DNA gyrase?

nalidixic acid

which of the following is not an appropriate target for anti fungal drugs?

cholesterol

which of the following drugs classes specifically inhibits neuronal transmission in helminths?

avermectins

which of the following is a nucleoside analog commonly used as a reverse transcriptase inhibitor in the treatment of HIV?

azidothymidine

Which of the following is an antimalarial drug that is thought to increase ROS levels in target cells?

artemisinin

Which of the following resistance mechanisms describes the function of β-lactamase?

drug inactivation

Which of the following resistance mechanisms is commonly effective against a wide range of antimicrobials in multiple classes?

efflux pump

Which of the following resistance mechanisms is the most nonspecific to a particular class of antimicrobials?

efflux pump

Which of the following types of drug-resistant bacteria do not typically persist in individuals as a member of their intestinal microbiota?

MRSA

In the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion test, the _______ of the zone of inhibition is measured and used for interpretation.

diameter

Which of the following techniques cannot be used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration of an antimicrobial drug against a particular microbe?

Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion test

The utility of an antibiogram is that it shows antimicrobial susceptibility trends?

in a localized population

which of the following has yielded compounds with the most antimicrobial activity?

soil

true or false Narrow-spectrum antimicrobials are commonly used for prophylaxis following surgery.

false

true or false β-lactamases can degrade vancomycin.

false

true or false Echinocandins, known as “penicillin for fungi,” target β(1→3) glucan in fungal cell walls.

true

true or false If drug A produces a larger zone of inhibition than drug B on the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion test, drug A should always be prescribed.

false

true or false The rate of discovery of antimicrobial drugs has decreased significantly in recent decades.

true

The group of soil bacteria known for their ability to produce a wide variety of antimicrobials is called the ________.

actinomycetes

The bacterium known for causing pseudomembranous colitis, a potentially deadly superinfection, is ________.

clostridium difficile

Selective toxicity antimicrobials are easier to develop against bacteria because they are ________ cells, whereas human cells are eukaryotic.

prokaryotic

Antiviral drugs, like Tamiflu and Relenza, that are effective against the influenza virus by preventing viral escape from host cells are called ________.

neuraminidase inhibitors

Staphylococcus aureus, including MRSA strains, may commonly be carried as a normal member of the ________ microbiota in some people.

nasal

The method that can determine the MICs of multiple antimicrobial drugs against a microbial strain using a single agar plate is called the ________.

Etest