Final Review (Edo to Present)

Ieyasu's ruling

Resigned in favor of son, Hidetada (acted as retired shogun)

Ieyasu defeats and kills Hideyoshi's son, Hideyori

Code for warrior households (Buke Shohatto) issued (1615)

1616- Ieyasu dies and in 1617, deified

Era of Tokugawa shogunate

Called The Great Peace

After over a century of continuous warfare, there were no major rebellions against the Tokugawa for over 2.5 centuries

Age of great prosperity and population growth

Tokugawa Daimyo's responsibilities and limits

Alternate Attendance- daimyo had to live in Edo every other year

Redistribution of enemy lands to allies

Switch daimyos to other domains

Limits:

Only can have one castle

Permission to do repairs

Can't build large ships

Led to tensions bw bafuku and domains (han)

Key events of Tokugawa

1623- Iemitsu becomes third shogun

1637- Shimabara Rebellion

1651- Iemitsu dies

1688-1704- Genroku era: golden era of economic and cultural affluence

Control of borders:

1633- Prohibition on traveling abroad

1639- all foreigners except Dutch prohibited from entering Japan

Tokugawa Economy

Agriculture and Internal Trade; Capitalism develops in late 1700s --> cultivated land doubled

Samurai moved off land to domain cities to become bureaucrats

rise of wealthy peasants

Population almost doubled

Bafuku est a common currency

Increased commercial manufacturing

Rise of urban commoner class

Neo-Confucianism (Tokugawa period)

influence of Song Confucianism (Zhu Xi)

Emphasis on self-cultivation and ethical behavior

Reason as a basis of all learning and conduct

Est official Shogunal Confucian academy

Blending of Confucianism w/Shinto

Buddhist sects and still present but controlled

Tokugawa Society

Neo-Confucian Ideal:

1. Scholar (warrior)

2. Peasant 3. Craftsman 4. Merchant

Reality:

1. Samurai 2. Merchant/Craftsman/Pasant

End of Edo period: 10% samurai, 75% peasant, 7-8% commoners

Kabuki (Early Modern Japan)

Origins: women's kabuki and youth kabuki (would cross dress as men but banned due to link to prostitution)

All male. Character types:

Aragato: rough style male heros

Wagoto: soft style male heros

Women played by onnagata actors

Connection bw secual ent and other ent

Artists seen as very low class

Bunraku (Puppet Theater) (Early Modern Japan)

Giri: duty, rational, civilized behavior

Jo (ninjo): desire, emotion and natural feeling

Chikamatsu Monzaemon (1653-1725)

(Early Modern Japan)

Son of samurai who lost status

Wrote 100+ Bunraku

Love Suicides at Sonezaki

Love Suicides at Amijima

Crisis and Reforms of the Kyoho Era (1716-1736)

(Early Modern Japan)

Response to gap bw social ideals and socioeconomic realities

Aggravated by famines

Reforms:

Relaxation of Sankin Kotai rules (alternate residency)

Raise taxes on domain lords

Taxation of merchant guilds

Emphasis on spending cuts/frugality

Award stipends instead of rank to gov officials

Poor harvest and famine in 1732-1733

Led to starvation, rural uprisings, and urban riots

Mid to Late Tokugawa Ideology

Dutch learnign and western science

Study of Ancient Meaning challenged Neo-Confucianism

Sonno Joi (Revere the Sovereign and Expel the Barbarians)

Economic Issues of Late Tokugawa

Major famine in 1782-1785

Tenmei Era (Reforms of Tanuma Okitsugu) (1781-89)

Kansei Reforms of Matsudaira Sadanobu (1789-91)

Shogunate budget deficit

Tenpo reforms of Mizuno Tadakuni (1841-43)

Tenmei Era (Reforms of Tanuma Okitsugu) (1781-89)

(Early Modern Japan)

Encouragement of foreign trade, dev of mining, new merchant license

Tenmei famine (1782-83)

Rice Riots, 1788, in Edo and Osaka

Kansei Reforms of Matsudaira Sadanobu (1789-91)

(Early Modern Japan)

Lowered rice prices

rent control

restrictions on merchant guilds

freezing foreign policy

censorship

Tenpo reforms of Mizuno Tadakuni (1841-43)

(Early Modern Japan)

Bans on luxury goods and ent

Major educational and economic reforms

Choshu + Satsuma more powerful than Shogunatew

Opening of Japan to Trade (end of Tokugawa/Early Meiji)

1842- end of 1st opium war (beginning of unequal treaties)

1846-8- Mexican American War

1848- Gold Rush

1853-4- Convention of Kanagawa (Treaty w/ US)

1855- Commercial Treaty with US (opening of ports causes inflation and economic hardship)

What marked the end of the Tokugawa Shogunate?

Boshin War

Meiji Restoration of 1868

Led by samurai of Choshu/Satsuma

Important people (end of Tokugawa/Early Meiji)

Tokugawa Yoshinobu - surrenders shogunate in Boshin War - last shogunate

Emperor/ess Meiji - Last emperor to have concubines...

supportive of imperial restoration

Key events in early to mid Meiji

1874- first political parties formed

1877- Satsuma rebellion

1884- parties are registered

1889- promulgation of Meiji Constitution

1890-95 Sino-Japanese War

Meiji Restoration Key Figures

Kido Koin (Takayoshi): Choshu, Drafted S Charter Oath, Oversaw Emperor Meiji's education

Okubo Toshimichi: Satsuma, Leader of early Meiji gov, Tax reform

Saigo Takamori: Satsuma, opponent of modernization, proposed invasion of korea, rebelled against Meiji in 1877 (Satsuma Rebellion) and was defeated

Reforms in Meiji Period

1869-1876

Abolition of four class system

National single currency act

National conscripted military

Creation of national land tax system

ban on christiantiy lifted

1874: 1st political associations

Key Figures behind Meiji Reform

Okuma Shingenobu: monetary reform, minted single currency, land tax reform, founded earliest political parties, Founded Waseda Uni, was Foreign Minister to France

Yamagata Aritomo: studied European military systems, universial conscription, war minister in 1873, modeledd army on Germany, Navy on UK

Ito Hirobumi: sent by Choshu to England, member of Iwakura mission, drafted Meiji Constitution

first PM

Fukuzawa Yukichi (Meiji)

outline of a theory of civilization

influenced by social darwinism

Three Stages of Civilizations:

Primitive: Africa, Australia

Semi-Developed: Turkey, China, Japan

Civilized: Europe, US

To My Fellow Sisters (1884)

Nakajima Shoen- from merchant family, tutor of empress in Chinese classics, left for freedom movement

Feminist manifesto

Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895)

Fought over control of Korea

Treaty of Shimonoseki (Treaty of Maguan)

- China cede claim over Korea, Taiwan, Pescador islands, and parts of Liaodong peninsula

-Pay indemnity and open 7 ports to Japan

- Qing dynasty weakened

Causes tension w/ Russia, France, and Germany

Ueda Mannen

Says 4 elements to modern nation

Land territorial sovereignty

Law national legal system

Race. familial relation bw citizens

Unity. politics, history, religion

Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905)

Tensions over Korea and Manchuria

Tech advances --> unprecedented casualties

Portsmouth Treaty (1905)- Japan got rights over Korea, expanded into Manchuria, Southern 1/2 of Sakahalin

1910: Japan-Korean Annexation Treaty

End to unqual treaties and extraterritoriality

Rikken Seiyukai (Late Meiji)

Friends to the Contitutional Government Party

Founded by Ito Hirobumi in 1990 to assure support in Diet

Connected to Zaibatsu monopolies (Sumitomo, Mitsui, Mitsubishi)

Socialist Movements (Meiji)

Social Democratic Party- immediately illegal

Commoner News- Socialist newspaper reporting on labor unrest

Women of the World- feminist, covers conditions of women in Japan and worldwide

Tokyo Riots (Meiji)

Hibiya Park (Sept 1905)

Against peace ending Russo-Jap War

For constituitonal gov

(1906)

Against streetcar fare increase

Streetcar damage

Outside diet in 1913

constitutional gov

newspapers attacked

police boxes smashed

Taisho Political Crisis (1912-1913)

Overspending leads to financial crisis and competition bw budget priorities of military and domestic spending needs of main PP (Seiyukai)

Seiyukai overthrows cabinet

End of oligarchs

Military strengthened

Japanese Economy in WWI

1914: Japan declares war on Germany and seizes German colonies in EA

1915: 21 Demands to China- Japan gets investment rights in Shandong peninsula, demands for unequal treaties

Economic boom due to increase in demand for products and less european competition

Taisho Culture

Urbanization

High literacy levels

Magazines aimed at young ppl

Feminsit liberation

Culture Homes

Cafe culture

Great Kanto Quake Aftermath

Massacre of Koreans

Prominent activists killed by police

national recovery

int aid

Rebuilding: Meiji Era was leveled

Sun Yat Sun (founder of Rep China) exiled to Japan and met Mariano Bonsen of the Philippines = sent Japanese weapons to fight US in the Phil

Cultural imperialism: national language (kokugo), want to make Koreans think Japan is good

When did Taisho period end

1926 when emperor died

Succeded by Emperor Hirohito (Showa Period)

Fifteen of March, 1928

Kobayashi Takiji

Proletarian writer

Tortured to Death by special police

Early Showa Events

1937- War with China and Nanjing Massacre

1940- Tripartite Pact with Germany and Italy

1941- Pearl Harbor

1945- End of WWII

1947 Constitution

Emperor is a symbol of state (article 1)

Renunciation of War and armed forces (article 9)

Universal suffrage

Demilitarization + Democratization (Article 9)

New Japan Gov with 1947 Constitution

Executive Branch

Emperor

PM appt by emperor as directed by Diet

Cabinet (appt by PM)

Leg Branch

Diet (House of Coucilors, House of Rep)

Judicial Branch

Judges appt by emperor as directed by Diet

Occupation Reforms

Education system restructured and purged of militaristic authoritarian content

Language reform

Initial support of labor movement

SCAP censorship- block out things

Ikeda Hayato (Showa)

PM

repaired US Japan relations

Pledged to double Japan Economy by 1970

Set up uni health insurance and pension plan

Postwar Social Transformations

Higher education boom

Growth of cities and suburbs

Decline of 3 gen family into nuclear family

Monochrome TV, washing machine, fridge (50s)

Color TV, AC, cars (60s)

Divisions in the postwar era

540K Koreans in Japan

Burakumin (outcast class) screened out of job apps

Heisei Depression

1991

Abenomics

Restructuring and decline of lifetime employment system

Inega Saburo

Wrote The Pacific War, 1968:

critical view on Japan in war

Ineaga Textbook Trails- Gov wouldn't use a textbook he authored, we need to teach young gen the truth

Yoshimi Yoshiaki

Comfort Women

Heisei Japan Events

2001- Koizumi Jun'Ichiro becomes PM

2008- send 1K soldiers to Iraq

2009- DPJ wins

2011.3.11- Tohoku Earthquake

2012- LDP wins --> Shinzo Abe PM

2014- Abe cabinet changed interpretation of Article 9

2017- Abe re-elected

2019- Heisei Emperor abdicates --> Reiwa period

2020- Abe resigns and Suga Yoshihide PM

2021- Tokyo Olympics

2021- Kishida Fumio PM

2022- Abe assasinated

2024- Shigeru Ishiba PM- first female- hella conservative

2011 Tohoku Earthquake

9.0

Followed by tsunami and Fukushima Diichi nuclear meltdown

Aftershocks for a year

Effect on national consciousness, public discourse, view on nuclear power

Recent events

Oct 2022- investigation of Unification church ties with LDP politicians and open Japan to travel

2023-2024- Japanese Slush Fund Scandel: resignation of multiple politicians and dissolve main factions off LDP