⋆. 𐙚 ̊ Anatomy and Physiology Exam One(ch. 1 - 3)

Exam Monday 9/8/25!

name the anatomical postions

-transverve plane

-coronal plane

-sagittal plane

-proximal

-distal

-lateral

-middle

transverse plane

divides body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower)

coronal plane

divides body from Anterior (front) and posterior (back) of body.

sagittal plane

divides body vertical left to right

proximal

the limbs that are closest to your body

distal

the limbs located furthest away from the body (point of attachment)

lateral

toward the side

medial

toward the middle

anatomy

The study of structures of living organisms

physiology

the study of how the human body works

list the terms of movement

-adduct/abduct

-flexion/extension

-elevation/depression

-ipsilateral/contralateral

adduct

body part moves toward center of body

abduct

move body part away from the center of body

flexion

bending or folding a joint

extension

straightening the joint

elevation

upper body (shoulder shrug)

depression

lower body

Ipsilateral

same side of body

contralateral

opposite side of body

Cranial/caudal (terms of location)

toward head of your skull, towards the tail of your brain

medial/lateral (terms of location)

closer to the midline, further from the midline

superior/inferior (terms of location)

higher, lower

anterior/posterior (terms of location)

front, back

rostral/caudal (terms of location)

towards the nose, toward the tail of brian

ventral/dorsal (terms of location)

toward the belly of structure, toward the back of structure

superficial/deep (terms of location)

toward the surface, away from surface

supine/prone (terms of location)

faced up, faced down

ligament

bone to bone

tendons

muscle to bone/cartilage

joints

moveable in some way

muscles

contract/constrict to shorten the
 contract/constrict to shorten the distance between the two points

origin

less moveable joint of attachment

incertion

moves as a result of contraction

agonists

muscles that moves a structure

antagonist

muscles that oppose movement

what are the subsystems of speech?

-respiratory

-phonatory

-resonatory

-nervous

respiratory

lungs, breathing

phonation

vocal folds

articulatory

how we articulate sounds

resonatory

within the throat, mouth, and nasal passages

nervous

brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves

epithelial tissue

the most outer part of the tissue layers

connective tissue

supports, protects, and gives structure to other tissues

muscles tissue

contracts to produce movement (striated, smooth, cardiac)

nerve tissue

main function is to receive, process, and transmit information throughout the body

Invertebral disc (C1 + C2)

-made of fibrocartilage

-containing a gelatinous core and a fibrous ring cushions vertebrae

-equalizes pressure

C1 aka

-atlas

C2 aka

-axis

the pectoral girdle consists of the scapula and…

-clavicle
-scapula
-sternum

-ribs

at rest, the rib cage has a______slope.

downward

Vertebrosternal ribs

true ribs

Vertebrochondral ribs

false ribs

Vertebral ribs

floating ribs

pectoral gridle acts a an…

anchor for spinal cord

spinous process corpus (C3)

majority of the (vertabre) bone

why are our ribs sloped downward?

to help us breathe

manubrium sterni

• clavicle at first rib

• second rib at juncture

corpus sterni

-ribs #3-7

-ribs # 8-10

ensiform/xiphiod process

brestbone (lower section of sterum)

what is the point of bifurcation of the treachea

the carnia

can you label a & b

anterior, postier

label c & d

medial, lateral

label e & f

superior(cranial), Inferior(caudal)

label g & h

abduct, adduct

label I & J

proximally, distally

take a look at the surpior view for c1. label a

vertebral foramen

label b

transverse forman

label c

posterior arch

label d

posterior tubercle

label e

facet for occiput

take look at the superior view for C2. label f.

spinous process

label g

facet for atlas

label h

odontoid process

transevrse foramen

vertebral artery and vein (only in cervical vertebrae)

intervertebral foramen

the hole that’s formed when two vertebral foramen come together

This is the Pectoral Girdle. what are a, b and c pointing to?

a. True ribs (1-7)

b. Sterum

c. Fasle ribs (8-10)

what numbers are floating ribs?

11 & 12

label d, e, f, g, & h

d. clavicle

e. manubrium

f. body

g. xiphoid process

h. costal cartilage

Where is the sternum with respect to the vertebral column?

the vertebral column runs along the posterior(back), the sternum is positioned along the anterior(front) chest wall.

Where is the visceral pleural layer with respect to the parietal pleural layer?

the visceral layer lies deep to the parietal pleural layer

This is the trachea. label a, b, c, & d

a. Larynx

b. trachea

c. carnia treaschea

d. right main bronchus

label e, f, g, & h

e. right tertiary bronchus

f. right superior lobar bronchus

g. right tertiary bronchus (again)

h. right inferior lobar bronchus

what are alveoli?

where gas exchange occurs for breathing.

how many capillaries per alveolus?

2000

what are the side of the lungs and what do they do.

-right(3), left(2)

- Respiratory passageway, warms and humidifies air

what happens in your lungs if they get too cold?

(less humid air makes tissues more susceptible to) damage and infection

these are the lungs. label a.

middle lobe

label b

superior lobe

label c

treachea

ladel d

carnia

label e

mainstem bronchus

label f

secondary bronchi

label g

tertiary bronchi

label i and h

inferior lobe

what is the purpose of the plura lining?

it wraps around our lung tissue

What is the outer layer of the pleura called?

parietal

what is the inner layer of the pleurea called?

visceral

label a

costal pleura

label b

apical pleura