AAP2 LP3 Urinalysis

glucose

normally fully absorbed back into the body from the filtrate

presence in urine indicates abnormally high levels of ____; diabetes

erythrocytes (RBCs)

not normally found in urine as they should not be able to pass through the filtration membrane

presence indicates disease, UTI/damage, or damage to kidney or liver

leukocytes

part of the immune response and should not be found in urine

presence indicates infection, such as a kidney or UTI

protein

not usually found in urine as it cannot typically pass into the filtrate

presence is known as proteinuria, may indicate problems with the kidney

ketones

formed during fatty acid metabolism

small amount in urine is normal, but excess is a sign of diabetes, alcoholism, strenuous exercise

also pregnancy

pH

ranges from 4.5 through 7.5 depending on diet and the body's needs; 6.0 is typical

high = bacterial infection, lots of veggies

low = diabetes mellitus, lots of meat

turbidity

cloudiness; indicates infection

bilirubin

not normally found in urine; indicates improper kidney function

caused by gall stones, anemia, liver/gall bladder injury

nitrites

typically a sign of UTI

specific gravity

normal range is 1.005 to 1.030

increases with urine concentration

glomerular damage

caused by high BP, diabetes, autoimmune disease

results in protein in urine