OTTP exam

How would you describe professional reasoning?

The process, plan, direct, perform and relfect on client care.

What does evidence-based practice mean?

Evidence-based practice is the integration of the best, current research evidence with clinical expertise and the client's unique values, needs, and context to make decisions about assessment and intervention.

What are practice scenarios? And how are they used in this course?

realistic, hypothetical, or real-life case studies designed to illustrate, test, or train on the application of therapeutic interventions to help individuals regain or maintain functional independence.

What is the Five Finger Framework? And how is it used in practice?

The Five Finger Framework (FFF) is an evidence-based clinical reasoning tool in occupational therapy used to synthesize five distinct sources of knowledge for decision-making. Developed to support, this framework encourages therapists to consider research, local context, client perspective, expert opinion, and personal experience to ensure holistic, safe, and effective practice.

What is a PIO question and how would it be used?

PIO questions are a structured, three-part formula used in Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) to break down clinical problems into searchable components. While PICO includes a comparison (C), PIO focuses on the Population (P), Intervention (I), and Outcome (O), making it particularly useful for searching literature when comparing to a specific, alternative intervention is not required or relevant.

What is an occupational therapy process framework? Give an example?

the occupational therapy process is a framework that occupational therapists can apply to support occupation-centred thinking and action when interacting with individuals, groups, communities or populations ... it is not a formula that can be used in all situations
but is driven by theory and is client centred ... to engage, assesses and intervene in occupational therapy. The occupational therapist may adopt a preferred practice process (or process framework) based on their guiding conceptual practice model (or occupation-based model)or workplace requirements, or based on the characteristics and needs of client and so forth.

What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative research methodologies?

Quantitative research measures outcomes numerically (e.g., test scores, range of motion, frequency of interventions) to test hypotheses and generalize findings to larger populations. Qualitative research explores subjective, lived experiences, meanings, and contexts (e.g., patient interviews, focus groups) to understand the "why" and "how" behind behaviors.

What is the difference between an occupation-based model and a frame of reference?

Occupation based models (or Models of Practice) and frames of reference are based upon theory and research evidence and explain concepts that inform practice decisions. E.g., occupation-based models can explain human occupation and how to structure and organise one's thinking to understand people and their family. Frames of reference provide evidence to explain the role of the practitioner, intervention strategies, and expectations for change. Occupation-based models and frames of reference guide occupational therapy practice by providing information based on theory and research to use when making practice decisions.

Explain what the current paradigm is within occupational therapy practice?

Current occupational therapy (OT) paradigms emphasize a holistic, client-centered approach that prioritizes occupation as the core, integrating psychosocial, neurodiversity-affirming, and context-driven perspectives. Which focuses on the quality of life

What are some examples of databases you might use to search for research/literature?

EBSCO, Robertson Library, Pubmed, Medline, Clinical key

What is meant by the term 'Assessment'?

An assessment is a comprehensive, client-centered process used to evaluate a person's ability to engage in daily life activities (occupations). It is the essential first step in the therapeutic process, acting as a "discovery process" or "investigation" to understand how a person's physical, cognitive, or emotional conditions affect their daily functioning.

Within the occupational therapy process framework, where would you use assessments?

Throughout the client's journey to inform decision-making, guide intervention, and measure outcomes.

What are some of the reasons an occupational therapist would have for doing assessments?

To evaluate a person's ability to perform daily activities, identify functional barriers, and develop personalized, client-centered intervention plans. These assessments are used to maximize independence, safety, and quality of life for individuals across the lifespan.

When would you use the 'Assessment Critique Form'?

To critically evaluate the validity, reliability, and appropriateness of a standardized or non-standardized tool before applying it to a patient, ensuring it aligns with specific, evidence-based, and patient-centered goals.

What are the four stages of Critiquing Assessments?

Prepare, Find, Appraise, Select. Prepare: how do you define what type of assessment or outcome measure is needed, what is the purpose of and desired use of the assessment and outcome measure. Consider your conceptual framework.

Finding information about the assessments this may be from colleagues and journal articles etc.
The review the quality of the test here you may consider the reliability and validity which we discuss later, we need to be critical

Appraisal: Then summarise your findings in a test critique. - what do you need to consider when appraising the assessment and outcome measure.

Select: how do you decide if this tool is then appropriate for your practice or research the client base- the setting

What are the main differences between standardised and non-standardised assessments?

Starnderdized includes a detail protocol for administration, procedure for scoring, rules for interpretation, criteria or norms for performance and the psychometric properties of the assessment. Non standerdized does not follow a standard approach or protocol. Results will not be easily compared across populations or groups of people.

These include:
•Informal and semi-structured interviews
•Observations (clinic, home, school, work)
•Checklists

How would you describe the difference between reliability and validity?

Reliability refers to the consistency, stability, and repeatability of an assessment tool (yielding the same results repeatedly),
while validity refers to its accuracy (measuring what it is actually intended to measure). •Does it have Content /Face validity?
•Is the measure testing what it is supposed to be testing? Are the items plausible?
•Does it have construct validity? (includes structural and cultural validity - consider age/language/disability)
•Does the assessment measure the concept and theoretical components underlying the construct it was designed to evaluate?
•Does it have criterion validity?
•The degree to which the scores are an adequate reflection of a 'gold standard'.

What is meant by the term Clinical utility?

The practical usefulness, feasibility, and value of an assessment tool, intervention, or practice model in real-world clinical settings.

How would you use the Five Finger Framework to help you decide if an assessment tool is right for you to use?

To determine if an assessment tool is right for your client, you would evaluate it against these five components: Research and Literature, My own insights and experiences, The expertise of others, The desision, Client based evidence, context and enviroment

Explain what a frame of reference is and how they are used in occupational therapy practice

A theoretical framework that provides specific, evidence-based guidelines to direct assessment and intervention, bridging the gap between theory and clinical practice.

Explain how the biomechanical frame of reference can be used within the CanMOP occupation-based model

The biomechanical frame of reference (FOR) is highly compatible with the Canadian Model of Occupational Performance and Engagement (CMOP-E/CanMOP), functioning as a "bottom-up" tool to address physical impairments while remaining rooted in the "top-down" occupational approach of the Canadian model.

In CanMOP, the person is at the center (comprising physical, cognitive, and affective components) and interacts with the environment and occupation. The biomechanical FOR directly supports this by remediating the "physical" components of the person to enable participation in self-care, productivity, and leisure.

Explain how the biomechanical frame of reference can be used within the MOHO occupation-based model

The biomechanical frame of reference (FOR) is used within the
Model of Human Occupation (MOHO) byfocusing on restoring, maintaining, or compensating for physical performance capacity (strength, range of motion, endurance) to enable meaningful participation.

Thinking from a 'Top Down' approach what is the focus when using the biomechanical frame of reference?

Functional performance and occupational engagement first (FOR)

Thinking from a 'Bottom Up' approach what is the focus when using the biomechanical frame of reference?

Remediating foundational physical impairments—specifically range of motion, strength, and endurance—to restore musculoskeletal capacity.

When using Biomechanical frame of reference what two factors would you consider to increase stability for occupational performance?

Proximal stability(positioning/alignment) and structural support (external devices).

When using Biomechanical frame of reference what two factors would you consider to increase motion for occupational performance?

Range of motion (ROM) and muscle strength

What are three goals of Intervention when using the biomechanical frame of reference?

Restore, Maintain, Compensate/Adapt

Name three of the six stages in MOHOs Therapeutic Reasoning Process

1.Generate and ask questions about the client and their environment.
2.Gather information on or with the client using structured or unstructured means.
3.Create a conceptualization (hypothesis) of the client's situation.
4.Identify goals and plans for client engagement and therapeutic strategies.
5.Implement and review therapy.
6.Collect information to assess Outcomes.

Providing a person with a mobility aid or wheelchair is preventative, restorative, or compensatory? Why?

Compensatory, as it improves a person's functionality, independence, and safety when their ability to walk or move is restricted due to injury, illness, or aging.

Describe how you would use the FFF to consider whether an assessment tool is appropriate to use within a biomechanical frame of reference

I would use the Five Finger Framework to check, finger by finger, whether a biomechanical assessment really fits the client, context, evidence and your role before I decide to use it.

Name three of the action domains in the COTIPP process framework?

Connect (establishing a collaborative relationship)
Seek understanding and define purpose
Explore occupational participation

Name two of the three foundational processes in COTIPP

seeking understanding about context and using justice, equity, and rights-based lenses.

What does COTIPP stand for?

Canadian Occupational Therapy Inter relational practice Processes

Which of these levels does the biomechanical frame of reference target? Occupational roles, occupational performance, occupational performance skills or performance components.

Performance components