AP Bio Cycles

What is the stroma

fluid in inner chloroplasts

What happens at the stroma

calvin cycle

What are thylakoids

membrane sacs in the chloroplasts

What happens at the thylakoid

photosynthesis (light reactions)

What does the thylakoid contain?

Electron transport proteins

What are grana

stacks of thylakoids

what do grana do?

increase surface area for light absorption

What happens at the grana?

light energy is converted into chemical energy

What do the light reactions do?

capture energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADP

Light absorption in light reactions

excites electrons

water splitting in light reactions

Water molecules are split to replace electrons lost from photosystem II (creates water)

ETC in light reactions

excited electrons release energy to pump protons into the thylakoid space

NADPH formation in light reactions

electrons at ps1 get excited again and reduce NADP⁺ to NADPH which carries high energy electrons to calvin cycle

what is Photophosphorylation

ATP Synthesis

ATP synthesis in the light reactions

pumping of protons creates a gradient across the thylakoid membrane and Protons flow through chemiosmosis to form ATP from ADP + Pi

what is chemiosmosis

atp synthase

What are the stages in the light reactions

Light Absorption, Water Splitting, ETC, NADPH Formation, and ATP Synthesis

Steps in the Calvin Cycle

Carbon fixation, reduction, and regeneration

Carbon fixation in the Calvin cycle

6 carbon compound splits into 2 3-carbon compounds (3-PGA)

What is carbon fixation catalyzed by?

RuBP or rubisco

What is reduction in the Calvin cycle

ATP and NADPH convert the 3-PGA’s into 3-carbon sugars (G3P) and donates electron

What is regeneration in the Calvin cycle?

some G3P makes glucose and the rest make RuBP make acceptor

what does the Calvin cycle use and produce

uses CO2 and produces glucose

what are the 3 parts of cellular respiration?

glycolysis, krebs/citric acid cycle, and ETC

What does glycolysis do?

Breaks one 6 carbons glucose molecule into two 3-carbon pyruvate molecules

What is the site of the Krebs cycle?

mitochondrial matrix

what does the inner Mitochondrial Membrane contain?

proteins for the ETC and ATP synthase

where does glycolysis happen?

cytoplasm

net production for glycolysis

2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 pyruvate

Pyruvate Transport and Oxidation

Converts each pyruvate to acetyl CoA and and NAD⁺ is reduced to NADH

krebs cycle

ATP is synthesized from ADP

what do ETC and Oxidative Phosphorylation from cellular respiration make

ATP, NADH, and FADH2 are produced and CO2 is released

Oxidative Phosphorylation

gradient is formed and protons flow through ATP synthase to make ATP

fermentation 

allows glycolysis to happen without oxygen by regenerating NAD⁺ from NADH

where does Lactic Acid Fermentation happen?

muscle cells

what does lactic acid fermentation do

Pyruvate + NADH → Lactate + NAD⁺

what does alcoholic fermentation do

Pyruvate → Ethanol + CO₂ + NAD⁺

glycolysis oxygen requirement and ATP yield per glucose

no, 2 (g)

krebs cycle + ETC oxygen requirement and ATP yield per glucose

yes, 28-32

fermentation oxygen requirement and ATP yield per glucose

no, 2 (f)

formula for cellular respiration

C6H12O6 + 6O2 →6CO2 + 6H2O