Period 1: 1491-1607 AP US History

Bering Strait

Place where Siberian tribes crossed into present-day Alaska and the Americas approximately 20,000 years ago

Three-sister farming

maize, squash, and beans

Cahokia

Large settlement in the Mississippi Valley; Site of sedentary agriculture cultivators

Pueblo

Spanish for "village"; Indians in the Southwest who built fortified settlements

Iroquois Confederacy

Five Indian tribes form an alliance and control trade east of the Great Lakes

Algonquian Indians

Major native group distributed in the Northeast and along the Atlantic seaboard who cultivated three sisters. Notably included the Powhatan Confederacy of the Chesapeake Bay and Wampanoag of New England, both of which clashed with English settlers).

Sioux Indians

Great Plains Indians; Hunter-gatherers; Buffalo hunters

Shoshone Indians

Societies in the Northwest and present-day California who supported themselves by hunting and gathering, and in some areas developed settled communities supported by the vast resources of the ocean.

Catholic Church

The most powerful organization in history; Controlled mostly all of Europe during the Middle Ages

caravel

naval technology developed by the Purtuguese and used by Henry the Navigator along the African Coast, Vasco de Gama to India, and Christopher Columbus to the New World

capitalism

Private property; Market prices; Investment in ventures

Renaissance

"Rebirth"; Humanism

Protestant Reformation

Martin Luther's demand that the Catholic Church reform. When the church refused, he started a competing church, the Protestant (Reformed) church.

Ferdinand and Isabella

"The Catholic Monarchs"; United Spain, reconquered Spain (Reconquista), and commissioned Columbus

Reconquista

Ferdinand and Isabella's successful campaign to expel Muslim Moors (and Jews) from the Iberian Peninsula and unify Spain Under the Spanish crown and Catholic religion.

Doctrine of Discovery (1493)

A.K.A. Inter caetera; Papal Bull that declared all non-Christian land "discoverable" by Christian powers.

Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)

Divides America between Portugal and Spain for exploration

Colombian Exchange

The trade of biological elements, ideas, and goods; Transformed mostly all of the world as a result.

Middle Passage

The route in the Triangular Trade where slaves passed from West Africa to the New World

conquistadores

Hernan Cortez and Francisco Pizarro, for example; agents of both the Reconquista and the conquest of the New World

Encomienda

Spanish labor system; included a caste system with Peninsulares at the top

casta system

The Spanish developed a caste system that incorporated, and carefully defined the status of, the diverse population of Europeans, Africans, and Native Americans in their empire.

Mestizos

Mixed blood Spanish and Indian; Result of lack of Spanish ladies in the New World

San Diego (Est. 1769)

First and southernmost Spanish mission in California; Established to "civilize" the Indians and create a buffer between New Spain and competing colonial powers.

San Francisco (Est. 1776)

Last and northernmost Spanish mission in California; Established to "civilize" the Indians and create a buffer between New Spain and competing colonial powers.

Spanish mission

Established in the New World, especially in California, to "civilize" the Indians and create a buffer between New Spain and competing colonial powers.

Bartolome de Las Casas

Indian apologist who preached against the cruel treatment of the Indians; His writings and activities led to the "Black Legend"

Juan Gines de Sepulveda

Saw the Indians as uncivilized and barbaric

"Black Legend"

The (historically debatable) reputation that the Spanish destroyed the Indians through slavery and disease

St. Augustine (Est. 1565)

First enduring European settlement in North America; Established by the Spanish in modern-day Florida.

Pueblo Revolt (1680)

Rebellion of Pueblo Indians against Spanish rule in New Mexico; Led by the Indian Popé.

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